Conceptual Review of Critical success factors for affordable housing in the Southern World

Document Type : Qualitative Research

Authors
A. meshkini 1
M. ahadnejad Reveshti 2
H. saleh mishani 3
1 tarbiat modares university
2 Zanjan university
3 zanjan university
Abstract
Introduction

Rapid urbanization poses a significant challenge to accommodating the poor, particularly in developing countries during the urbanization. To address this issue, affordable housing has become the agenda for many governments in a bid to improve the living condition of low income households. Affordable housing usually refers to a housing that is affordable to specified eligible households whose income is not adequate to access appropriate housing in the market. However, there is evidence to show that affordable housing is not adequately supported to achieve sustainable goals. Whereas sustainability is a basis of housing affordability by less spending on energy bills, transportation and health care. This study aims to conceptually revise the factors of achieving sustainable affordable housing (SAH) with systematic approach in developing countries. The first step to achieve SAH is identifying Critical Success Factors (CSF). CSFs are those few key areas, which if available, would guarantee the success of an organization or a project and if not taken serious, might lead to failure of a project. In this regard, this study aims to conceptually revise the factors of achieving SAH with systematic approach in developing countries.

Methodology

The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive AND analytical in terms of method. In the first step, the content analysis method was used to conceptualize and identify success factors. 32 documents were selected, which were selected from Science Direct, Springer, Taylor Francis and Google Scholar. The data was analysed using NVivo version 10 software package. The document analysis findings were converted to a questionnaire to identify the level of criticality of the SFs. Initially, the questionnaire was tested using a pilot survey to test the validity, fitness, and comprehensiveness of the SFs. After confirming, "success criteria for achieving sustainable housing" was added to the main questionnaire and the respondents were asked to score the criticality using a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (not important) to 5 (very important). The questionnaires were sent to all individuals who had conducted research in reputable scientific journals in the field of affordable housing or sustainable housing, provided their email was available. Of the 490 copies of the questionnaire sent, 106 copies were returned, but only 102 were considered usable based on the completeness of the questionnaire. Then The IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used in carrying out the statistical analyses. In this context, one sample t-test was used to compare the average of factors, the Normalization function in order to standardize and identify the critical factors and Path Analysis in order to determine the direct and indirect effects of the indicators and also to identify the main dimension in explaining the sustainable housing model.

Results and Discussion

The findings showed that from the preliminary list of 35 key sustainability indicators of affordable housing that were identified through an extensive literature review, 23 CSFs were finally highlighted. "Political will and commitment to affordable housing", "Formulation of sound housing market policies", "Adequate Budget and Supply", "Providing Housing Subsidies for Low-Income Households " and "Good Governance" are five factors that have the highest criticality according to experts in different countries. The results of this study also demonstrated that among the dimensions of sustainability, the institutional /managerial dimension, due to its direct and indirect relationship with other aspects, has generally the main priority in explaining the SAH model.

Conclusion

Identifying critical success factors plays a fundamental role in the realization of sustainable affordable housing. In this way, having a comprehensive approach and systematic approach is necessary. The institutional /managerial dimension, due to strong multilateral relationship with other aspects, has the main priority in explaining the SAH model. Therefore, governments need to provide the necessary conditions for the establishment of sustainable housing governance in order to address the crisis of housing management in developing countries by focusing on the role of local governments.

Keywords: Affordable Housing, Housing Sustainability, Developing Countries, Local government.

Keywords

Subjects

 Eftekhari, Abdolreza, Behnam Morshedi, Hassan, Shakeri Mansour, Elahe (2017), “A Critique of the Methodology of Geographical Research in Urban Development in Iran Case: PhD Theses in Geography and Urban Planning of Tehran State Universities” Spatial Planning, Volume 21, Number 2, Summer 2017. [In Persian].
 Eftekhari, Abdolreza, Hosseini, Seyed Reza, Mokhtari Chelcheh, Sadegh, Esfaram, Yaghoub (2016), “A Study of the Relationship between Social Capital Indicators and Sustainability of Border Areas” Development Rural, Year 5, Issue 2, Summer 2016, Consecutive Issue 14. [In Persian].
 Rabbani, Taha, Eftekhari, Abdolreza Rokn al-Din, Meshkini, Abolfazl, Rafieian, Mojtaba (2018), Analysis of Future Barriers to Sustainable Development in Tehran, Spatial Planning, Volume 22, Number 1, Spring 2018. [In Persian].
 Momeni Rad, Akbar, Aliabadi, Khadijeh, Faradanesh, Hashem, Mozini, Nasser (2013), Qualitative content analysis in research procedures: Nature, stages and validity, Educational measurement Quarterly No. 14, 4 years, Winter 2013.
 Adabre Michael, Chan, Albert P.C. Critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housing, Building and Environment 156 (2019) 203–214.
 Adabre, Michael, Chan, Albert P.C. Amos Darko, Robert Osei-Kyei, Rotimi Abidoye, Theophilus Adjei-Kumi, Critical Barriers to Sustainability Attainment in Affordable Housing: International Construction Professionals’ Perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production (2020), https:// doi.org/ 10. 1016 / j.jclepro. 2020.119995
 Agyemang, Felix, Morrison, Nicky , 2017, securing affordable housing through the land use planning system in Sub-Saharan Africa: A perspective from Ghana, DOI: 10. 1177 / 0042 09801 7724092
 Alteneiji, Khalifa, Sabah Alkass, Saleh Abu Dabous, A review of critical success factors for public–private partnerships in affordable housing, Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag https ://doi. Org /10. 1007/ s13198 -020-00976-x.
 AMIN, RAHEL, SALAR, AL-DIN, Evaluation of the Sustainable Aspects In Housing Sector To Overcome Housing Stress In Northern Iraq, JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS, 3(1), 67-81 / 2019.
 Arman, M., Wilson, L., Zuo, J., Zillante, G. and Pullen, S. (2009) ‘Conceptualising affordable and sustainable housing: Towards a working model to guide planning and construction’, Proceedings of 34th Australasian Universities Building Educators Conference, Barossa Valley, South Australia
 Banihashemi Saeed, Hosseini M., Golizadeh Hamed, Sankaran, Shankar, 2017. Critical success factors (CSFs) for integration of sustainability into construction projectmanagement practices in developing cou..., Int. J. Proj. Manag. http ://dx .doi. org/ 10.1016/j .ijproman. 2017 .01.014.
 Belsky ES, Goodman J , Drew R. Measuring the nation’s rental housing affordability problems. Cambridge , MA : Joint Center for Housing Studies; 2005.
 Chan, Albert P.C. Adabre MA, Bridging the gap between sustainable housing and affordable housing: The required critical success criteria (CSC), Building and Environment (2019) ,doi: https:// doi.org /10.1016/ j.buildenv.2019.01.029.
 Charoenkit, Sasima, S.Kumar, Environmental sustainability assessment tools or low carbon and climate resilient low income housing settlements, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38(2014)509–525.
 Chileshe, Nicholas, Carol Wambui Njau, Brian Kiptoo Kibichii, Lyn Njeri Macharia & Neema Kavishe (2020): Critical success factors for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure and housing projects in Kenya, International Journal of Construction Management, DOI: 10.1080/15623599.2020.1736835
 Choguill, Charles L, The search for policies to support sustainable housing, Habitat International 31 (2007) 143–149.
 Dawidowicz, Agnieszka, Andrzej Muczyński & Marek Emanuel Pacholczyk (2018): The use of GIS tools for sustainable management of municipal housing stock in Poland, Survey Review, DOI: 10. 1080/ 00396265. 2018.1474694
 Del Pero, Angelica, Adema, Willem, Ferraro, Valeria and Valerie Frey, Policies to promote access to good-quality affordable housing in OECD Countries, 2018, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 176.
 Dixon, T., Woodcraft, S., 2016. Creating strong communities – measuring social sustainability in new housing development. BRE Group Researcher, Retrieved from: http:// www. designingbuildings.co.uk/ wiki.
 Friedman, Rachel & Rosen, Gillad (2018): The challenge of conceptualizing affordable housing: definitions and their underlying agendas in Israel , Housing Studies, DOI: 10. 1080/ 02673037. 2018. 1458289
 Ganiyu, Olanrewaju Ayodeji Fapohunda, Rainer Haldenwang, (2017) "Sustainable housing financing model to reduce South Africa housing deficit", International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, Vol. 10 Issue: 3, pp.410-430, https:// doi.org /10.1108/IJHMA-07-2016-0051.
 Global Green, USA (2007) Blueprint for Greening Affordable Housing. Island Press, Washington, USA
 Goebel, Allison, Sustainable urban development? Low-cost housing challenges in South Africa, Habitat International 31 (2007) 291–302
 Hamidah, Abdul Hamid, Shariffah Jamaludin, Siti, Mahayuddin, Achieving Sustainable Affordable Housing Scheme from the Perspective of Multi Eco-System, 2018 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 429 012029.
 Hwang, Bon-Gang, Xianbo Zhao, Si Yi Ng, Identifying the critical factors affecting schedule performance of public housing projects, Habitat International 38 (2013) 214e221.
 Ibem, O., D.E. Azuh, Framework for evaluating the sustainability of public housing programmes in developing countries, J. Sustain. Dev. Environ. Protect. (JSDEP) 1 (3) (2011) 24–39.
 Ihuah, P.W. et al. A review of Critical Project Management Success Factors (CPMSF) for sustainable social housing in Nigeria. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2014), http ://dx .doi .org/ 10.1016 /j.ijsbe. 2014. 08. 001.
 Isalou Ali, Todd Litman, Shahmoradi, Behzad, Testing the housing and transportation affordability index in adeveloping world context: Asustainability comparison of central and suburban districtsin Qom, Iran, Transport Policy 33 (2014) 33–39.
 Kavishe, Neema, Nicholas, Chileshe, Ian,. F Jefferson, Public–private partnerships in Tanzanian affordable housing schemes: Policy and regulatory issues, pitfalls and solutions, Built Environment Project and Asset Management • April 2019.
 Li, D., Chen, Y., Chen, H., Guo, K., Eddie, C.-M.H., Jay, Y., 2016. Assessing the integrated sustainability of a public rental housing project from the perspective of complex eco-system. Habitat Int. 53, 546e555.
 Li, Yuanyuan, Huanbin Song, Peidong Sang, Po-Han Chen, Xingmin Liu, Review of Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for green building projects, Building and Environment 158 (2019) 182–191.
 Lin, Y., Zhang, X., Geertman, S., 2015. Toward smart governance and social sustainability for Chinese migrant communities. J. Clean. Prod. 107 (16), 389e399.
 Luckey, K.S., Affordable for whom? Introducing an improved measure for assessing impacts of transportation decisions on housing affordability for households with limited means, Research in Transportation Business & Management (2018), https:// doi.org/10. 1016/j.rtbm.2018.04.003
 MacKillop, F., 2013. Sustainable as a basis of affordable? Understanding the affordability ‘crisis’ in Australian housing. Aust. Plan. 50 (1), 2e12.
 Michael Atafo Adabre, Albert P.C. Chan, Amos Darko, Robert Osei-Kyei, Rotimi Abidoye, Theophilus Adjei-Kumi, Critical Barriers to Sustainability Attainment in Affordable Housing: International Construction Professionals’ Perspective, Journal of Cleaner Production (2020), https:// doi.org /10.1016 /j.jclepro .2020.119995
 Muhammad & Johar (2018): Critical success factors of public–private partnership projects: a comparative analysis of the housing sector between Malaysia and Nigeria, International Journal of Construction Management, DOI: 10. 1080/15623599. 2017. 1423163.
 Mukhtar, Musa Mohammed, Amirudin, Roslan, The Success Criteria of Public Housing Project in Nigeria, Published by Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Website: http://www.ijbes.utm.my IJBES 3(2)/2016, 102-110
 Mulliner E, Smallbone K, Maliene V. An Assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method. Omega 2013; 41: 270–9.
 Mulliner, Emma, Malys, Naglis, Maliene, Vida(2016) comparative analysis of mcdm methods for the assessment of sustainable housing affordability, Omega 59 (2016) 146–156
 Oyebanji, Akanbi Olusayo, Liyanage, Champika, Akintoye, Akintola, Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for achieving sustainable social housing (SSH), Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 6 (1) (2017) 216–227.
 Pullen, Stephen, Arman, M., Zillante, G., Zuo, J., Chileshe, N., Wilson, L., 2010. Developing an assessment framework for affordable and sustainable housing. Australas. J. Constr. Econ. Build. 10 (1/2), 48e64.
 Pullen, Stephen, George Zillante, Michael Arman, Wilson Lou, Jian Zuo, Nicholas Chileshe, A case study analysis of sustainable and affordable housing, 2015, https:// www .resear chgate. net/ publication /2677 15472.
 Stone M. E. What's Housing Affordability? The Case for the residual income approach Housing Policy Debate 2006; 17:151–83.
 Stone, Michael E. Unaffordable “Affordable” Housing: Challenging the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Area Median Income, (2009). Center for Social Policy Publications. Paper 36. http://scholarworks.umb.edu/csp_pubs/36
 Sullivan, E., & Ward, P. M. (2012). Sustainable housing applications and policies for low- income self-build and housing rehab. Habitat International, 36(2), 312-323.
 Tayefi Nasrabadi, Mahla, Hataminejad, Hossein, 2019, Assessing sustainable housing indicators: a structural equation modeling analysis, www. emeraldinsight. com/2046-6099.
 UN-Habitat,2017, The Human Rights-Based Approach to Housing and Slum Upgrading, First published in Nairobi in 2017 by UN-Habitat. www.unhabitat.org.
 United Nations, New York, 2019, World Urbanization Prospects 2018 Highlights Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division
 Wainer, L. S., Ndengeingoma, B., & Murray, S. (2016). Incremental housing, and other design principles for low-cost housing, International Growth Centre, London School of Economic and Political Science: reference number: C-38400-RWA-1 IGC.
 Winston, Nessa, Eastaway, Montserrat, Sustainable Housing in the Urban Context: International Sustainable Development Indicator Sets and Housing, Soc Indic Res (2008) 87:211–221.
 Gan, J. Zuo, P. Wu, J. Wang, R. Chang, T. Wen, How affordable housing becomes more sustainable? A stakeholder study, J. Clean. Prod. 162 (2017) 427–437.
 Yang, Jay, Zhengyu Yang, Critical factors affecting the implementation of sustainable housing in Australia, J Hous and the Built Environ, DOI 10.1007/s10901-014-9406-5.
The Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics
Volume 25, Issue 4
December 2021
Pages 113-139