The Role of Creative Tourism in Tourists Stay and its Impact on Economic Development (Case Study of Boshruyeh in South Khorasan

Document Type : Original Research

Author
R. Saberifar
Rostam Saberifar, Associate Prof. Payam Noor University
Abstract
Introduction:

Tourism currently accounts for a large share of countries' GDP and in some cases reaches 80% for small countries. However, In Iran, in general, and in less developed cities in particular, tourism is not exploited to a great extent. Among various regions of the country, South Khorasan province has one of the weakest economies because of its unstable natural and climatic conditions. In this regard, Boshruyeh has a particular status, so that policy makers and even public do not believe in the effectiveness of tourism industry on the economic prosperity of this region. To change this trend from 2015 onwards, it was tried to hold meetings with some of the influential in this city, through which creative initiatives in the process of revitalizing tourism attractions and especially their sustainability were put into practice. One of the basic approaches suggested and welcomed in this area was creative tourism. To this end, tourism industry leaders and executives were urged to apply creative strategies such as hosting desert skydiving festivals and exploring the sky, changing symbols and elements of the city, organizing food festivals, holding competitions associated with documentaries, etc. so that tourists could spend more time in the city and particularly, spend the night in the city. These changes had so significant consequences and impacts that after the first year of implementation, the number of side programs increased from 8 at the beginning to 23 at the end of the period. To investigate this effect, the present study was conducted to discuss scientifically and systematically the developments that occurred.

This study is descriptive and analytical in terms of its method. However, in terms of objective, it is considered practical. The required data have been obtained from existing documents, especially the province input and output table along with field surveys after which necessary adjustments were made. Two completely different steps were considered in this study. As such, the conditions were first adjusted using the province input and output table in 2015 and other data; and then the developments in tourism entry and stay following the adoption of a creative tourism approach were compared with the trends mentioned to determine what impact this approach had had on the developments in the tourism industry and ultimately on the economic development of the city. To this end, in addition to responsible organizations, the number of tourists entering the city was determined using re-hunting method to account for changes that were left out of the view of these institutions and organizations. Accordingly, in the first part, the collected data were evaluated using the method of determining the city's input-output coefficients based on the adjustment of national coefficients. In this method, . Flegg Semi-Logarithmic Location Quotient (FLQ) was used to determine the coefficients. For this purpose, based on the National Input-Output Table, the Input-Output Table of South Khorasan Province was first calculated and the parameters needed to minimize production forecast error were determined. Next, based on the national table, the city table was determined using these parameters. In fact, by considering employment as a criterion of the dimensions of the space economy and adjustment of the technical coefficients of the national and regional table, the direct urban coefficients were determined using existing relationships in econometric models. In the second stage, and exploring the impact of the Creative tourism approach, the data were analyzed based on provincial data and output table in 2018, and the results were compared with the findings of the first stage.

In order to achieve the research objectives, the matrix of direct production coefficients was first prepared at the national, provincial, and urban levels. According to this information, the relationship between economic sectors was determined at the levels indicated. As expected, the direct national coefficients were greater than direct provincial coefficients and the direct provincial coefficients were larger than urban ones, and their ranking at the indicated levels was quite different. The reason for this is that basically, larger areas are more self-sufficient and small and medium-sized ones have to get more outflows from higher levels or neighboring areas. Computations were made in order to obtain the increase in the final demand of indirect effects, and the results indicated that production multipliers in all sectors were higher at the national level compared to the provincial level, while both of them were higher than urban level. In addition, ranking the importance of sectors is quite different in the potential for economic growth. According to this information, the higher the coefficient, the higher the produced economic value will be. To determine the effect of tourism on increasing employment, employment multipliers were used. Since there was no independent study on this connection at the urban level, the direct coefficients of employment in this city were assumed to be equal to the national and provincial levels and hence, the multipliers of this city were calculated. Overall, the results showed that under normal circumstances, a total of 131 people were added to the city for the number of city employees and the city's production also earned 567 billion rials. But with the benefits of Creative tourism, the figure in 2019, rises to 166 people and 706 billion rials, respectively.

Considering the impact of tourism on income and employment in Boshruyeh, the proposed strategies for this city include strengthening the tourism industry and investment in the sectors that have the highest impact on increasing income and employment. In fact, the results of this study can help authorities to justify large investments in the tourism sector, while people will also recognize the status and importance of tourism and change their behavior accordingly. Undoubtedly, for many economic activists, attention to empirical findings can be helpful to change profitable activities. According to the results of this survey, which indicate the profitability of some specific economic sectors compared to others, it is hoped that the economic activists pay more attention to the sectors which have been neglected so far. Such a situation will make the economic and social impact of tourism in this small town more fundamental.

Key Words: Creative tourism, job creation, economic development, Boshruyeh city.

Keywords

Subjects

Asadi, Mir Mohammad and Saeeda, Saeed. (2015). "A Dynamic Model for Historical Tourism Development, Case Study: Yazd Province". Business Management Research 14: 101-81.
Bazrafshan, Javad and Bamri, Ali. (2018). "Study and analysis of the situation of creative tourism in the city of Zahedan". Regional Planning, 31(3): 180-167.
Bazazan, Fatemeh, and Ja'fari, Fatemeh. (2014). "The Impact of Domestic Tourism Development on the Economy of Neyshivar". Journal of Economic Development Policy, University of Al-Zahra, 2(5): 30-10.
Bazazan, Fatemeh, Banoyi, Ali Asghar, and Karami, Mehdi. (2007). "Further Reflection on New Spatial Sharing Functions between the Dimensions of Space Economy and Regional Input-Output Coefficients (Tehran Province)". Iranian Journal of Economic Research, 9(31): 53-27.
Brida, J., Edgar. J., Sanchez Carrera and Adrian Risso, W. (2008). “Tourism’s Impact on Long-Run Mexican Economic Growth”. Economic Bulletin 3(21): 1-8.
Bright, A. (2014). “Spatial analysis of Tourism Income distribution Inx, the accommodation Sector in Western Uganda”. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(21): 1-8.
Bureau of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Boshrooyeh. (2018). “Statistics of Inbound Tourists”. Boshrooyeh: Boshrooyeh Cultural Heritage Bureau.
Carrascal Incera, A. (2015). Income distribution and inbound tourism consumption in Galicia: multiplier decomposition analysis. Santiago:University of Santiago de Compostela.
Dias, A., Rosario, M., and Patuleia, M. (2020). Developing poor communities through creative tourism, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1775623
Dosti, Fereshteh., Zal, Mohammad Hassan and Ramezanzadeh, Mehdi. (2020). "Assessing the capacities of creative tourism in the metropolis of Tabriz". Urban Tourism, 6(2): 13-1.
Elahimanesh, Mohammad Hossein, Hosseininejad Mah Khatoni, Seyed Bagher, and Yasimi, Mohsen. (1977). "The Economic Role of Tourism in Sustainable Urban Development (Case Study: Bandar Abbas City)". Social Sciences, Shoushtar Azad University, 12(42): 68-47.
Eugenio-Martin, J., Morales, N., and Scarpa, R. (2004). “Tourism and economic growth in Latin American Countries: A panel data approach, Milan, Italy”. Milan: Fondazione.
Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., and Tadasse, B. (2007). “the impact of tourism on economic growth and development in Africa”. Brida: Middle Tennessee.
Gatti, P. (2013). “Tourism, Welfare and Income Distribution: The case of Croatia”. Original Scientific Paper, 61(1): 53-71.
Ghosh, R. N., and Siddique, M. A. B. (2017). “Tourism and Economic Development: Case Studies from the Indian Ocean Region”. London: Routledge.
Hajienjad, Ali, Pourtahari, Mohammad, and Ahmadi, Ali. (2009). "The Impacts of Business Tourism on Physical-Spatial Development of Urban Areas Case Study of Baneh City". Journal of Human Geography Research, 70: 109-91.
Hashemi, Akram. (2017), "Communication language of human societies: a perspective of creative tourism education", Social Science Research, 37: 13-1.
Hosseinzadeh, Hossein. (2015). “Implications of Tourism in Rural Areas, Case Study of Baqaran Birjand Village”. Rasht: University of Guilan.
Iran Statistics Center. (2011). “Results of National Tourism Survey 2011, Presidency”. Tehran: Deputy of Strategic Planning and Supervision.
Jafari, Ahmad, and Expert, Shima. (2013). "The Impact of Tourism on Human Development". Tourism Planning and Development, 2(7): 24-11.
Juan Gabriel, Edgar, J., Sanchez C., and Adrian Risso, W. (2008). “Tourism’s Impact on Long-Run Mexican Economic Growth”. Mexico City: ERR Economic.
Makian, Sara and Bazrafshan, Morteza. (2016). "Creative Tourism", Mahkameh Publications: Tehran.
Kianizadeh, Zahra. (2019). “Tourism and its Role in the Economic Development of Bashrouieh City”. MA Thesis in Geography, Ferdows Center: Payame Noor University.
Kiani-Salami, Sedigheh and Safari, Hamed. (2020). "Analysis and Study of Creative Tourism Indicators and Factors in Dilapidated Urban Areas of Isfahan (Case Study: Joybareh Neighborhood)". Initiative and Creativity in Humanities, 9(1): 115-151.
Kreishan, M. (2010). “Tourism and Economic Growth”. Jordan Social Sciences, 4: 229-234.
Litawo, M. (2011). “A Study of the Long-Term Relationship between Economic Growth and Tourism Development in Portugal and the Commonwealth Countries in the Period of 1995-2008”. Economic Bulletin, 4(25): 11-20.
Mahmoudi Mimandi, Morteza, Konjkave Monfared, Amir Reza, and Ketabi, Saeedeh. (2016). "Investigation of Yazd Province Hotel Industry Efficiency Using Gray Relationship Analysis". Tourism and Development, 5(3): 40-25.
Makian, Sara and Bazrafshan, Morteza. (2016). "Creative Tourism”. Tehran: Mahkameh Publications.
Mason, P. (2003). “Tourism, Impact, Planning and Management’. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malekami, Afsaneh and Shahmoradi Moghadam, Farzin. (2015). “The Impact of Innovation on Cultural Tourism Attractions in Tehran in Increasing Visitor Attraction”. The First International Conference on Innovation, Development and Business, Tehran: Kian Pajouhan Scientific Institute.
Masoumi, I., Tabrizi, N., and Ramezanzadeh, M. (2019). “Feasibility of Developing Sport Tourism in Ardabil (Case Study: Alvares Ski Resort (ki Resort)”. Journal of Spatial Planning. 22(4): 28-54.
Meshkini, A., Behnammorshedi, H., and Barghamadi, M. (2018). “Analyzing and spatial classification of daily tourism route of Tehran province based on tourism services and facilities”. Journal of Spatial Planning, 22(2): 95-132.
Nicoleta, A., and Andreea, M. (2013). “Effects of Tourism on Labor Market”. Procardia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 92: 652 – 655.
Oh. Chi-Ok, (2005). “The contribution of tourism development to economic growth in the Korean economy”. Tourism Management, 26: 39–44.
Pourahmad, Ahmad and Ahmadifard, Narges. (2015). "Study of the role of creative tourism in recreating the historical context; (Case study: District 12 of Tehran)", Geographical Research on Urban Planning, 6(1): 91-75.
Rabiee, H., Firoozi, M. (2018). “Asessment of Optimal Tourism Development Strategy in Rural Areas by SWOT Model with Emphasis on Lyzangan Village”. Political Spatial Planning, 1(1):59-67.
Rahbari, M. (2005). “Tourism & Sustainable Development, Symposium on the Role of Tourism in Development of Mazandaran Province”. Tehran: Resanesh Publications.
Rezagolizadeh, Mahdieh. (2016). "Investigating the Impact of Tourism on the Triangle of Poverty, Inequality and Economic Growth". Journal of Tourism Studies and Management, 11(36): 160-125.
Rezvani, Mohammad Reza, Badri, Ali, and Torabi, Zabihullah. (2019). "A Survey of Stakeholders' Perceptions of Poor Tourism in Selected Villages of Semnan Province". Journal of Social Tourism Studies, 7(1): 24-1.
Rezvani, Mohammad Reza, Badri, Seyed Ali, and Torabi, Zabihullah. (2018). "Explaining the Pattern of Nature Tourism and Poverty Reduction in Selected Villages of Eastern Semnan Province: A Qualitative Study". Tourism and Development, 7(4): 225- 205.
Ridderstaat, J., Croese, R., and Nijkam, P. (2013). “Modelling Tourism Development and Long-run Economic Growth in Aruba”. Tinbergen Institute Discussion, 4: 145-167.
Rinvassan, F. (2013). “The Study of Tourism Effects on Sri Lanka's Economic Distress by Using the Autoregressive Distribution Method for the Period 1969-2009”. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 6(3): 277-292.
Roknedin, Eftekhari, A., Ramezan nezhad, Y. (2018). “Analysis of the Communications Capacity of the Responsible Organizations for Coastal Tourism Destinations Case Study: Rural Destinations of Guilan Province”. Journal of Spatial Planning, 22 (2): 167-187.
Saberifar, R. (2018). “Prioritizing the Needs and Expectations of Urban Tourists (Case Study, Mashhad City)”. Journal of Spatial Planning. 22(2): 75-93.
Sabrifar, Rostam. (2010). "Comparison of Tourism Industry in Cities of South Khorasan Province". Journal of Spatial Planning, 14)2(: 79-61.
Saberifar, Rostam and Niatmoghaddam, Salehe. (2018). "Analysis of Success in Achieving Creative and Innovative Cities (Case Study: Ferdows City)". Human Settlement Planning Studies, 44: 625-613 .
Schneider, Susan, and Barso, Louis. (2000). “Cultural Management”. translated by Seyyed Mohammad Arabi and Davood Izadi, Tehran: Office for Cultural Research.
Seyedtaghi Dizej, Atefeh, Shojaee, Atieh, and Mousavi Nejad, Fatemeh. (2016). Investigating the Role of Urban Tourism in the Economic Growth and Development of Cities. First International Conference on Urban Economics (with Resistance Economics Approach, Action and Practice), Tehran: Scientific Society of Urban Economics Iran, Bank City.
Shokouhi, M., and Yazdanpanah, M. (2019). “Effect of Empowerment on Residents Support for Tourism the Case of Kamardough Tourism Region”. Journal of Spatial Planning, 23(1): 151-168.
Tayebi, Seyyed Kamil, Babaki, Rowala, and Jabari, Amir. (2007). "Investigating the Relationship between Tourism Development and Economic Growth in Iran (2004-2009)". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 110: 83-26.
UNESCO. (2019). Towards Sustainable Strategies for Creative Tourism. New Mexico: Santa Fee.
UNESCO. (2018). Unesco-creative-tourism-destinations. http://www.ratestogo.com/blog/12.
Yavari, Kazem, Rezagolizadeh, Mahdieh, Aghaei, Majid, and Mostafavi; Mohammad Hassan. (2010). "The Impact of Tourism Expenditures on the Economic Growth of Organization of Islamic Conference Countries", Journal of Economic Research, 91: 242-219.
Zamani, Ahmad. (1994). “Income and Employment Generation of Tourism and Iranian Tourism, Proceedings of Tourism and Development”. Tehran: Tourism Research and Research Center.
Zarrouki, Shahriar, Azouji, Hassna, and Sadati Amir, Roqieh. (1979). "Analyzing the Role of Tourism on Economic Welfare Using Panel Data Method". Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 7(26): 121-96.
The Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics
Volume 24, Issue 4
December 2020
Pages 177-207