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Introduction: In the modern society, the floating population has daily travels between the place of residence and the place of work or education and travels through towns and villages every day at a given time. With the expansion of Tehran metropolis, floating population was introduced as one of the city's problems. The population of Tehran, during the day, is one or several million more than the population of the city at night. For the first time, a question was asked in the Population and Housing Census in 2007, and the place of work and education of individuals were asked. In the 2012 census, two separate questions, for the place of work and education, were designed to evaluate the floating population. Using the library resources and documentary research, the present descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of population flotation on the population gap at day and night in Tehran metropolis in the census performed in 2012.
Conclusion: In 2012, Tehran metropolis accounted for about 72% of the urban population of the province and one-fifth of the floating population of the country. A total of 78% come from other provinces to Tehran metropolis due to work and 22% come for eduacation and most of the floating population is a young population. The reason for going to Tehran is education for most of the young women and work for most of the men, which is affected by socio-cultural characteristics of the society. The most important reason for the daily flow of the population toward Tehran is the lower cost of living and the lack of employment and education facilities in dormitory cities, which shows the exacerbation of the inequality in the imbalanced development of Tehran metropolis with other parts of the country, including the surrounding satellite cities.

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Introduction
The relationship and interaction between the power structure and the government resulting from it, as a component of social organization with the process of spatial organization of metropolises and urban complexes, especially in recent years, has become one of the central issues and questions in the theorizing and researching of the program. The planning and management of the urban complex has changed without diminishing the importance of other aspects. The connection between the spatial structure and the social structure is influenced by the social-historical periods of the societies. In centralized bureaucratic societies without civil society and the lack of formalized and obvious groups and the government's lack of need for economic groups, these powerful groups gain access to other scarce resources through influence in the government decision-making apparatus. In industrialized societies, it is these social classes that have more access to scarce resources because the government needs these classes, especially the capitalist and middle class of experts.
Methodology
According to its nature, purpose and subject area, this research has a descriptive-analytical research method and the approach that governs the research space is practical. The collection of information in the theoretical part and findings has been done with reference to the library method, and for the relevant information and statistics, the information and yearbooks available in the Iranian Statistics Center have been used. This research has been carried out on the scale of Tehran metropolis because the capital of any country is usually the place where economic, political and cultural mechanisms gather and crystallize. In this research, the government's oil revenues are considered as one of the most influential factors in the accumulation of power and wealth in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and subsequently, the excessive concentration of government institutions and organizations in the metropolis of Tehran and the breakdown in the political management of space as factors. Influencers in the political management of space will be analyzed.
Result and discussion
From the point of view of the political management of the space, what is the most cause for concern and thought is the lack of integration, or in other words, the discontinuity of policy-choice and functional discontinuity. Integration in the political management of space is related to the management of interactive issues in policy-making, which is beyond the boundaries of the usual and conventional policy areas and does not conform to the responsibility of individual departments and ministries. According to Mulford and Ruger, policy coordination is defined as a process by which two or more organizations create new decision-making procedures or use existing decision-making rules to collectively deal with the task environment. O joint benefit. In general, policy integration requires greater interaction, accessibility, and adaptability, which leads to greater interdependence and requires more formal organizational arrangements, and requires the presence of more resources and delegation of authority and independence of action from the stakeholders.
Conclusion
In fact, it can be said that the policies of the government in the past few decades have caused a strong dependence of metropolitan management on government policies. On the one hand, this type of dependence has prevented the complete independence of the urban management complex from the government, and on the other hand, the multiplicity of government organizations, which itself is a result of the increase in government oil revenues, has led to the creation of many organizations with parallel functions in the metropolis of Tehran. The situation has finally created a political-spatial discontinuity in the metropolis of Tehran. Therefore, the formation of a centralized and simple government in the contemporary era, along with rich oil revenues, has caused the government to have all the political and administrative power and decision-making authority in all local, regional and national affairs, according to the goals and desires of the country. He can design and implement in any way he wants. So that the creation, liquidation, annexation and delegation of powers of all the units of the country's divisions are at the disposal of the central government. This case has emerged especially in the metropolitan area of Tehran, which is the place of gathering and concentration of the most important political-economic institutions of the country, and has made the political management of the space in the metropolis of Tehran face the problem of spatial-functional discontinuity. Examining the change of administrative and spatial territories of Tehran metropolis between 1966-2011 clearly shows that simultaneously with the expansion of the country's oil revenues, the number of administrative and spatial territories in Tehran metropolis has also increased and we have witnessed a very significant growth in this field.

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It seems that the issue of exclusion of cities and its management after collapsing physical walls of city is regarded as an important issue toward development and guidance of city. For achieving to this goal the required conditions and tools shall be provided.One of the most paramount points which should be taken into consideration in physical and spatial Organization of Iranian – Islamic metropolitans is the transformation of villas and villages and existing cities in connection with metropolitans. Regarding the fact that the expansion of urbanism as a demographic phenomenon has been closely entwined with the activities done in the cities, and considering the fact that the expansion of physical boundaries of the cities occurs due to the accumulation of population, each and every single kind of control over the privacy of the metropolitans is according to the study of the bilateral relationship existing between population and activity in the scope of the city privacy. This research relies on a descriptive- analysis approach and by using the population prediction models and activity prediction models scrutinize the current situation of activities and population of Tehran and probe into its further changes. The results of this research reveals the fact that the population and activity growth is still continuing in Tehran and its suburbs, and the reduction in the number of habitats and workshops in some periods of census does not mean the evacuation of settlements or the factory closures, but it discloses The phenomenon of early disruption of rural areas and their merger, the expansion of Tehran, and an alteration in the statistical area at the time of census. Spatial organization of centers of work & activity in Tehran by its environmental condition, settlement patterns, economic activities (and their changes), and social processes. A large number of factors affect the city’s spatial organization and the dispersal of activities, the most important of which are the city’s environmental, historical, socio-economic, transportation, and economic structures. In recent years, due to a lack of governmental control, interference of decisions made by authorities, and the adoption of uncoordinated policies of land management, Tehran has experienced irreparable bioenvironmental damages; farming lands have been sold illegally and turned into residential areas and more and more unofficial settlements have appeared to accommodate low income groups. The spatial distribution of the people migrating to Tehran in various periods shows that due to the social and economic changes happening in the country, the number and origin of migrants have also changed. During the years 1976 to 1986, migration from villages to cities did not cease. The villagers suffering from the consequences of the Land Reform made before the revolution and the consequences of the imposed war after the revolution continued to rush to cities. The migrants came to Tehran from the south and the northwest. The greatest number of migrants came to the city of Tehran were from Tehran province A glance at the map of Tehran and its surrounding settlements shows that most of these settlements, situated in the fertile plain of the south and southwest of Tehran and the west of Karaj, have a population of over 5000 (potential candidates for becoming a city) or a population of between 2000 to 5000. Settlements on this plain have always had the potential for turning into a city. It has good soil, a moderate slope, and easy access to water and main roads. In addition to population, many large industrial units are settled there; it will also be the main center for population settlement and industrial development in the future. The mountainous areas and the heights, which have surrounded the northern half of Tehran like a wall, and the dry areas in the Southwest cannot compete with the plain in attracting business activities and population. With the expansion of national and regional road networks connecting Tehran to other cities and the settlement of new industries and other activities requiring large and cheap land around Tehran, as well as the transfer of certain businesses to outer areas, the surrounding cities and settlements have rapidly expanded and developed, attracting a large population in recent decades. These settlements todayform a great part of Tehran province. Thus the greatest population density around Tehran is observed in the southern areas and in such cities as Islam Shahr, Pakdasht, Rey, and the areas along Tehran-Karaj highway and the city of Shahreyar. Islamshahr, Ghods and Gharchak, the largest cities of the province after Tehran and Karaj, were originally unofficial settlements that later turned into cities. These cities played two important roles in business activities and population settlement; first, business activities have moved closed the city to its infrastructural facilities and as a result, the population has moved closer to work place to make maximal use of urban services. Second, low income groups have been forced to move from the city to the settlements in order to avoid expensive housing and work places. As a result, high income families have moved to the northern areas with better climate and the low income families have moved to surrounding settlements where they can find cheap land and services for the poor. A study of the residential areas of the low income population in the marginal areas of Tehran in recent decades shows that, unlike in industrial and developed countries, in Tehran it is the low income groups that have moved considerably. They have left the central areas due to the high costs of living and have migrated to the marginal areas where housing is cheap. They have settled in scattered villages and estates, where they are deprived of the minimum urban services and infrastructure. They have increased the costs of urban management for organizing these unofficial settlements and improving living and bioenvironmental conditions. The dramatic increase in the trend of absorption of population in the villages from one side, and the reduction in the number of rural zones around the metropolitans and large cities such as Karaj, Islamshahr, Varamin, Shahryiar, malard, golestan and Ghale-hassankhan(Qods) has a close similarity with the sharp trend of absorption of population of the villages located in the suburb of Tehran and the reduction in the number of rural zones Between 55-1345 and 65-1355.consequently, according to the Aforementioned point, it could be mentioned that the big cities around Tehran and their surroundings are experiencing the trend similar to The one Tehran and its suburbs have experienced in the last four Decades. However, the difference here is that, they are not passing their evolutionary period. Thus, in near future, it does not seem Strange if the metropolitan phenomenon occurs, and the challenges like the ones which exist in Tehran happen in other big cities located Nearby Tehran. In this regard, it is suggested that instead of Developing the borders of the urban space of Tehran as a metropolitan to the other sides of the borders of the provinces of Robatkarim and Shahriar, the functional chains of the associated cities are recognized, and a revision is done in bordering Tehran. Finally, by using the SWOT model in conjunction with the acquired findings through the research, practical strategies for an efficient management of both population and activity of the privacy of Tehran, as a metropolitan have been proposed.

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Aims: With the increase of human activities in the city, vegetation and natural cover has always decreased and as a result gives its place to the phenomenon of thermal radiation. The phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) is usually evaluated by the land surface temperature (LST). The negative effects of LST on urban climate can be manifested by sudden increase in rainfall and unexpected weather effects. Therefore, the stability of population centers will face a serious risk and threat. In addition to climatic factors, population changes and changes due to settlement can also affect the temperature of the city.

Methods: In order to achieve the goal of the research, the temperature changes of the city surface between 2012 and 2015 were estimated through Landsat 8 satellite images, and finally, according to the changes and population movements in the 22 districts of Tehran, a spatial-spatial comparative comparison was made between the two. The variable has been measured and evaluated.

Findings: The results indicate that there is a direct relationship between demographic changes and thermal changes in 12 municipal areas. In 8 regions, this relationship is inverse and in 2 regions out of 22 regions, no significant relationship was observed between demographic and thermal changes.

Conclusion: In general, it can be seen that there is a significant relationship between population changes and temperature changes in Tehran metropolis. The increase in the temperature of the earth's surface, which means more human exposure to heat, will change the quality of life.

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The subjects related to Geomorphologic studies of Tehran metropolis, from assessment aspect that develope d during last half a century are numerous. Investigation of the surface drainage basins and rivers is one of these subjects. Changing the rivers and their natural flood channels without respecting geomorphologic principals and processes in Tehran metropolis will create different kinds of problems and damages for the civilians of Tehran. At present, the drainages of Tehran are supported by three territories: A) Basins ended to Kan River and West bund for flood channel; B) Basins ended to Aboozar channel and Barootkobi and C) Basins ended to the agricultural terrains of the South part of Tehran (Salehabad territory). In the present work, the above basins along with flood channel network before the development. were pictured by the aid of topography maps of 1970, air photos taken in different period, also geological maps. The domains of all mountainous and urban basins at present situation were determined by the aid of topography maps of 2001 and changes of drainage network. The maximum amounts of aquifer of each basins were calculated by rational analysis method and using Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves of Mehrabad and Saadabad stations for the return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and‌ 100 years. By utilization of physiographic characteristics, drainage systems, and their hydrological calculation and by comparing these characteristics with the nature of basins, the geomorphologic limitations of development in the territory surface drainage basins were assessed. The research procedure is based on analytical method. The key instrument of this research was compiling of Geographical Information System by Arc GIS software and statistical method. The results indicated that basins compile and a change in the direction of surface waters and their conversion to artificial channels augment aquifer and floods. Especially in long return periods, the increment is obvious, and as a result, it increases urban flood hazard. Blocking of the elementary water channels and creating the new ones in domain of Tehran metropolis without considering the geomorphologic and values. Therefore, in order to reduce the damages and to stabilize the basins development, it is a decisive necessity to apply the geomorphologic principles .

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which have lost their main functions, and their abandonment and lack of proper use causes them to be destroyed more and more. Nowadays, historical buildings can no longer be used as in the past and by changing the use of historical buildings, they are saved from certain death, and the concept of contemporizing all these achievements is in mind.

Methods: In this study, the time range is related to the traditional houses located in the neighborhoods of Tehran in the period from 1941 to 1966., most of the houses are related to the central core of Tehran and the surrounding and neighborhood streets of Elginab, Waliasr, Karim Khan Zand, etc. The techniques used in the applied method of this research in order to modernize modern historical monuments are preparing and completing the questionnaire, using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach and linear regression technique.

Findings: Among the 42 indicators studied in the five physical-structural, perceptual, functional, socio-economic and natural-environmental dimensions, the indicators of preserving old residents, improving the quality of housing, using special colors, easy access on foot, etc. are completely inappropriate conditions in terms of the principles of modernization They play a role in the historical monuments of Tehran metropolis.

Conclusion: The four indicators of neighborhood authenticity and sense of belonging, the use of a special form, the presence of necessary activities and the recognizability of spaces have the highest and best quality compared to other studied indicators from the point of view of the theory of contemporization, and they have medium-high conditions in terms of the points obtained.

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Aims: Tehran, as the capital of Iran, is facing many urban problems and challenges to survive as a city. Identifying sustainability indicators have been evaluated by many articles, but less attention has been paid to the instability indicators that fuel the challenges of instability in urban planning; In this regard, the aim of the current research is to identify the challenges of instability in the urban planning of Tehran metropolis.

Methods: This research evaluated the instability indicators in urban planning from a real point of view by rereading the indicators related to urban sustainability.

Findings: The findings show that the main unstable indicators of urban planning are summarized in three economic, social, and environmental indicators. In the economic index, including uncertainty in economic policies, housing prices, non-standard housing, income, employment, unemployment, cost of living, and female heads of households; In the environmental index, including climate changes, heat island, flood, transportation, energy security, noise and air pollution, urban traffic, water quality and quantity, waste disposal quality, urban green infrastructure, environment as a luxury issue and changing approach to the environment; And the social index includes social interaction, access to facilities and services, social injuries, sense of identity and belonging, neighborhood relations, social segregation, people's participation in city affairs and welfare security.

Conclusion: Reframing the challenges of instability in the urban planning of the Tehran metropolis from a practical point of view shows the necessity of attention to urban planning with a special focus on the relationship between citizens and planners.

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Between 2010 and 2015, a new wave of information and knowledge based economy, leads to the formation of knowledge intensive firms in geography of Tehran metropolis. In most cases, these firms selected sites which are not in compliance with spatial planning frameworks, norms and rules and they were located following the market-driven factors. Therefore, reviewing and analyzing this new geographic phenomenon is important for recommending spatial planning policies in Tehran. The main objective of this research is to understand the spatial distribution patterns of these knowledge intensive firms and their spatial relationships with environmental, social, economic, educational, research and infrastructure factors in Tehran metropolis. In this study, the data of more than 930 registered companies till 2015 have been pinpointed in GIS, using spatial statistics methods to be analyzed. The findings show that spatial distribution pattern of knowledge intensive firms is cluster type which is highly related to basic infrastructures such as public transport network and also, with research and educational institutions. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided. At the end, suggestions based on the results of the research have provided.    

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Globalization of the economy has caused the development of industries and advanced services in active metropolises in the world cities network. The increase of occupation, advanced services sector rather than industrial activities, centralization and replacement of these activities in central and low population density regions and along with it transfer of heavy industries to surrounding regions are the most important spatial consequences of globalization of the economy process in metropolises. This study -based on this assumption- investigates the type of service activities and the method of their site selection in 22 regions of Tehran metropolis during a period of 8 years using workshop census (1381-1373). The results show that 20 percent or one-fifth of the workshops established in Tehran in this period is advanced services and 80 percent is activities of industrial sector. On the other hand during this 8 years, the site selection of more than 50 percent of advanced services workshops are just in four regions including 6,7,11 and 12 and there is a gradual tendency towards site selection in low density northern regions, namely 1 and 5 because of suitable access to advanced services and facilities in these regions. Therefore, as for continuation of industrial era activities attraction and low tendency to advanced services activities, prevailing spatial economy in Tehran metropolis has been industrial economy.    

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Urban viability is one of the basic principles of sustainable urban development. Viability approach is a result of the elevated awareness regarding unsustainable patterns of urban life which can lead to long-term reduction of environmental resources. This research identifies and analyses the dimensions and main parameters that affect the viability of Tehran Metropolis through interpretive-structural modeling. This study is practical regarding to its purpose and in terms of data collection is survey descriptive. Moreover, its data collection is from the questionnaire. First, the dimensions and viability indicators are distinguished based on the review of the literature, content and comparative analysis of related researches, and interviews with experts. Then using the methodology of modern analytical-interpretive structural modeling (ISM), the relationship between the viability dimensions and indicators are determined and analyzed. Finally, the type of variables according to their influence and reception on other variables was identified by means of MICMAC analysis. Results show that economic dimension, including employment indicators, stable income, affordable housing, distribution of facilities, and infrastructure services, with the leverage score of 9 has the greatest impact and should be considered as the viability stimulants in Tehran. All in all, any program and implementation to commence and improve viability of Tehran Metropolis should pay attention to the key and basic role of these factors. These variables have high leverage and low dependence on increasing the viability of Tehran. Moreover, they are the priorities for action plan of viability in Tehran Metropolis.

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One of the powerful perspectives that studies spatial developments from the perspective of political relations and power is the political economy of space, which, by criticizing capitalist relations, considers the formation of spaces and their developments in order to facilitate capitalist relations. In other words, neoliberal strategies that are rooted in the psyche of cities today and have almost certainly been integrated with the mechanisms of the capitalist system, have reproduced urban spaces closely under the influence of political and economic forces to facilitate capitalist relations; Therefore, the production of space is a phenomenon in order to strengthen the relations of accumulation, turnover, profit, etc. as the main components of capitalism. Therefore, the logic of political economy has always been emphasized as an inevitable thing for the genealogy of any kind of bias towards the urban future of Tehran; A future that has been transformed into a city of "Mall" on a bed affected by the transformation of the urban space. Therefore, the question arises that what is the reason for the sudden emergence of "large commercial complexes and Mall" as an emerging phenomenon in Tehran? And what is the process of its formation? The dominant strategy in this research is a qualitative strategy based on the problem defined in the researcher's mind. The research method is descriptive-explanatory with emphasis on critical discourse analysis method.

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