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Aristotle's discussions about Tuche (Τύχη) or fortune have obvious contradictions in two domains of ontology and axiology. In the domain of ontology, he has testified to the existence of fortune as a cause by accident- a cause by accident for an event which has occurred out of a choice based on thought and for a given intention. Aristotle believes that fortune-based affairs are subjects of intention and intellection which emerge from those agents who can take volitional actions. At the same time, he introduced fortune as an anti-rule and instable affair with indeterminate and purposeless causes. He accepted the existence of fortune even in the domain of the actions related to Techne and human happiness. However, he does not attach any value to it in axiology and declares it to be a cause by accident that comes after nature and intellect, even believing that there is no knowledge for it. Moreover, it is valueless in the domain of the action related to human happiness.

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Aim: Decades named preventing injuries decade. The most sensitive and vulnerable persons against diseases and accident, especially accidental falls are children. This study aimed to determine the application of the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in predicting preventive behaviors from children's accidental falls (AFs) in mothers with children less than 3 years old referred to the health centers of Mashhad City.
Methods: This cross-sectional study included 140 mothers who were selected from the health centers of Mashhad City according to the inclusion criteria of the study and by cluster and systematic sampling. The instruments for data collection were valid and reliable questionnaires of demographic information, a self-administered questionnaire that is assumed to examine the structures of PMT and preventive behaviors from CAFs and were analyzed with SPSS 20. Pearson & Spearman, one way ANOVA correlation coefficient and linear regression were applied together to analyze the data.
Findings: The mean age of the subjects was 27.42+5.07 years. The results also showed that there were statistically significant relationships between the perceived susceptibility and protection motivation and preventive behaviors from CAFs (P<0.001). Based on regression analysis, preventive behaviors from CAFs using the structures of protection motivation was generally 66%.
Conclusion: The results showed that the mother‟s sensitivity and knowledge about preventive behaviors from CAFs were low. The findings of this study can be useful for designing educational interventions for prevention of CAFs by health authorities.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational accidents among farmers with an emphasis on the role of extension and education in reducing these incidents.
Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review. For this purpose, we investigated books, documents and articles related to research topics in the period of 2000 to 2017.
Findings: Various factors are effective on the incidence of occupational accidents as well as on the type, amount and severity of injuries resulting from accidents at work. Farmers and agricultural workers are not excluded from occupational accidents. The affecting factors on occupational accidents in agriculture are classified in three categories: farmers’ characteristics, agricultural environment, and agriculture technologies.
Conclusion: Occurrence of incidents in agricultural occupation is inevitable. Identifying the factors affecting the incidence of accidents can help to reduce the occurrence of incidents among farmers. The agricultural extension and education according to the abilities and talents in the field of agriculture and rural society can reduce accidents and work-related risks and improve the farmers’ occupational health.

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According to available statistics, thousands of people are killed or paralyzed in road accidents every year. Based on the most recent statistics more than 22000 people have been killed in road accidents in Iran in 1381 and this means a national disaster. In this paper, accidents of Firouzkoh- Sari road, in different atmospheric conditions such as rainy, snowy, frosty and foggy have been studied in a 3 years period (1993-1996). In order to investigate the role of climatological phenomena in occurrence of accidents, the hourly data of meteorology stations of Firouzkoh, Gharakhil Ghaemshahr and Dasht-e-Naz Sari have been used and the atmospheric condition at the time of accident has been obtained from them. Detailed accident information at the study period too, has been deriven from police road accident database. In this paper the map of accidents distribution and map of probability of accident risk in different condition such as rainy, snowy, frosty and foggy has been provided by using GIS. According to the result of maps showing the probability of accident risk, the most probability risks when it is raining are on the 125th and 130th kilometers, when it is freezing is on the 40th kilometer, when it is snowing are on the 30th, 29th and 40th kilometers and when it is foggy are on the 100th, 106th, 108th, 109th and 110th kilometers. Finally, by using probability maps of accident risk in each atmospheric condition, such as rainy, snowy, icy and foggy, also by using importance coefficient of each of these phenomenon (based on frequency of accidents) the final map of probability accident risk has been produced and the road has been classified to three classes, very high risk, high risk and mid risk. Based on these classes, the highest probability of risk in inclement weather is on the 35th, 100th, 108th, 109th, 110th, 122th, 125th and 130th kilometers.

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we handle in this paper, the research that have been performed to recognize the factors that affect crash frequency and severity in urban highways and use crash data of mashhad urban highways as a case study. Statistical models that have been used in this research include Poisson, Negative binomial, Zero-inflated poisson and Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Traffic flow related and road geometric related variables have been used as independent variables of models. Special task that have been done in this research ,is separation of total traffic volume into passenger cars, heavy vehicles and light non-passenger car vehicles volume to have an especial and thorough look at the role of traffic volume in crash occurrence , whether crashes with property loss only or more severe crashes, and see ,precisely which part of traffic have an effective role or more effective role in crash occurrence. In this research, the efficiency of Zero-inflated models is investigated against Poisson and Negative binomial regression models in modeling accidents on urban highways. Results of the research show that the number of access roads and horizontal curves on highway segments and the volume of light non-passenger car vehicles have increasing role in likelihood of accidents. Furthermore, Zero-inflated negative binomial regression model is the best and fittest model for modeling accidents, whether with property loss only or more severe and consequently the efficiency of Zero-inflated models in modeling accidents on urban highways of Mashhad is approved.

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We handle in this paper, the research that have been performed to recognize the factors that affect crash frequency and severity in urban highways and use crash data of Mashhad urban highways as a case study. Statistical models that have been used in this research include Poisson, Negative binomial, Zero-inflated poisson and Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Traffic flow related variables and road geometric related variables have been used as independent variables of models. We are interested in this study, to inspect the efficiency of Zero-inflated models against simple Poisson and Negative binomial regression models in modeling accidents on urban highways. Special task that have been done in this research, is separation of total traffic volume into passenger cars, heavy vehicles and light non-passenger vehicles volume. Through this special, Researcher intend to have an especial look at the role of traffic volume in accident occurrence to see precisely, which part of traffic have effective role or more effective role in crash occurrence. Accident data are two-level data, the first level is road segments i.e. highway is divided into several segments. The segmentation is based on total traffic volume i.e. each segment has a constant volume. The second level is daily hours; peak hour traffic considered as the first sublevel, day non-peak hour traffic the second and night non-peak hour traffic as the third sublevel. SAS 9.1 software has been used to fulfill statistical computations. It turns up, after statistical analyses, which factors affect crash occurrence and which do not have much effect. Comparisons between obtained results and other researchers’ results have been made then. The main object of researcher is to assess the efficiency of Zero-inflated models against Poisson and Negative binomial regression models in modeling urban highways crashes. This aim is followed by, with evaluating goodness of fit and making comparison between models. The Results of study show that the presence and number of access roads and horizontal curves on highway segments increase the likelihood of accidents, both no injury and more severe. Also increment of speed and number of lanes increase the likelihood of no injury accidents, but not more severity ones. The conclusions also demonstrate that the volume of passenger cars and light nonpassenger car vehicles increase the likelihood of no injury accidents, but heavy vehicles volume does not have much effect on occurrence of no injury accidents, also light vehicles increase the likelihood of more severe accidents, but passenger cars and heavy vehicles volume does not have much effect on occurrence of severe accidents. Finally, the results of research indicate that Zero-inflated negative binomial regression model is best fitting the modeling of accidents, whether no injury or more severe and consequently, the efficiency of zero-inflated models in modeling accidents on urban highways is approved.

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a health education program on empowering mothers to prevent home accidents among rural children under five years old in Ilam County.
Materials & Methods: This research was a randomized controlled trial involving 88 mothers with children under five years old attending healthcare houses in Ilam County in 2022-2023 who were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. A one-month online educational intervention was implemented for the intervention group using the WhatsApp application, while the control group received no education. Data were collected using a questionnaire assessing the constructs of the health belief model regarding home accidents in children, completed online by the participants at baseline and three months later. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, employing an independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test.
Findings: No significant difference was found between the two groups in the mean scores of the health belief model constructs regarding preventing home accidents in the pre-test phase (p>0.05). The results of the independent sample t-test showed a significant increase in the mean scores of health belief model constructs in the intervention group compared to the control group after a three-month follow-up (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Designing interventions based on the health belief model effectively empowers mothers to prevent accidents in rural children under five years old.
 

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Lately, organizations have become increasingly aware of the value of managing their organizational learning and knowledge. Thus researchers have investigated those processes extensively. Still something is missing in the current discussions of organizational knowledge: organizations do not just learn; they also forget. Knowledge management is creating processes not only for learning and retaining what is important but also for avoiding or unlearning what is not important. Forgetting, like learning, is not simple: it may be detrimental or beneficial, accidental or purposeful. By the way, in all cases, it can significantly affect, in both negative and positive ways, the competitiveness of an organization. In the present study, in addition to the investigation of concept and forms of organizational forgetting, we studied the relationship between purposeful organizational forgetting and charismatic leadership and determined of the amount of organizational forgetting, due to strategic importance of purposeful organizational forgetting. The data necessary for this study were through questionnaires that were given to 165 top and middle managers and supervisors in the supply chain of Iran automobile industry. Correlation analysis of data by chi-square test showed that there is a significant relationship between every dimensions of purposeful forgetting (new and established knowledge) and charismatic leadership.

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The Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999 apply to all international and most of the domestic carriers of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft. According to Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention to which the Montreal Convention of 1999 made inconsequential changes: “The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.”? What mean ‘accident’, ‘on board the aircraft’ and ‘in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking’? are issues that have been examined in this article.

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The safety attracts attention increasing of traffic engineering to itself. The development of cities caused increasing of vehicles and accidents. The accident statistics show that the intersection points are one of the most eventful that occur 50 percent of all accident and 25 percent of human casualties. The first step in improving traffic safety is identification of hazardous situations. To improve traffic safety and design safety measures, It is important to recognize hazardous situations and causes of them. In addition, evaluating the effectiveness of measures implemented is also important. Based on traffic accident data, hazardous situations can be identified in roads and network. However, in small areas such as intersections, especially in resolution of maneuvers, identification of hazardous situations is impossible by using accident data for reasons such as the low occurrence of accidents in a particular area and record the exact location of the accident event. Due to shortcomings of traffic accident data, using surrogate measures such as traffic safety indicators have been taken into consideration. Therefore, in this study was used the traffic conflict. According to different problems of traditional traffic safety evaluation, the using of necessary methods is needed. In recent years, using of traffic conflict indexes has increased. Time-to-Collision (TTC) is one of the first and most widely used time-based indicators and many of the indicators are based on it. For using of these indexes the users’ speed, moving direction is needed. For high attention in safety evaluations and considering the type of the vehicle, two dimensional modeling of vehicle is presented. The critical interactions density index was based on the accident time index and traffic volume. The risk areas were identified three-dimensional by using ARC GIS software in the physical area of the intersection. By using this method, there is possible to identify high-risk areas based on critical traffic conflict. By using information obtained, determined how to improve intersection safety. As a case study the intersection of Vesal Shirazi to Bozorgmehr without traffic light in Tehran were selected. By video analyzing, data was recorded and risk areas were determined by using the method proposed in this paper. The evaluation results show that entry minor path to major path is riskiest because of conflict of the right movement minor path with the direct movement of the major path and the left movement minor path with the direct movement major path. The risk of right movement of minor path conflict to direct movement of the major path is 245.1 that about 8 times the average risk of all movements and , the risk of similar conflict on the other side of the intersection is 89.These conflict are the main reason for the increasing of the intersection risk.

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Slipperiness of the road surface is one of the factors which increase the risk of accident. In fact slip occurs when the coefficient of friction between the tire and road surface is not enough to keep the adherence between the two. Skid should not be considered as a separate issue, but to solve this problem, we should optimize properties of tire and road which leads to decrease in possibility of skid. This is a fact that the less the skid resistance value, the more accidents in fall and winter which have more rain. Road friction changes with change of many factors such as properties of pavement surface, properties of tire, moisture of road and performance of vehicle. There is a need to manage skid resistance systematically to maintain the level of safety performance of roadway surfaces. This study focused on the development of a skid resistance deterioration model based on the analysis of skid data inventory collected in Tehran. This field study has been performed by examining the statistical information related to traffic and accidents and case study of a street with heavy trafficin inTehran as follows. Hot mix asphalt was provided from factories of municipality of Tehran and was distributed and tests of hot mix asphalt were done by Marshal test; then British pendulum method was used to determine the microtexture, and sand patch test was used to determine mean surface macrotexture depth. Finally by repeating the test in time intervals within 18 months and investigating the relationship between the data and test results, charts of state of changes of skid resistance over time were presented which indicated that slip resistance of asphalt pavement decreases by time and traffic crossing. First this decrease is more and then gradually declines. By comparing the results with standard it is concluded that the skid resistance of asphalt pavement should be improved after 7 months. result shows the variation of pavement skid resistance versus pavement age. Also by investigating the statistical reports given by the road police in the aforesaid street it was found that about 50% of the accidents are related to function of brakes of vehicles and friction resistance and comparing the statistics reveals that after the road surface is improved by asphalt, accidents in case study street decreased by 25%. After that with comparing the number of accidents in the studied street in the second 6-month of year and during the year especially in accident prone points it was found that number of accidents in the second 6-month is 70% of the whole year. This indicates the particular effect of weather condition in rainy season and decrease of skid resistance of pavement due to roads surface wetting on number of accidents.

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In this paper, Effects of runback ice accretion on NACA 23012 airfoil have been studied experimentally and numerically. For this purpose, experiments were applied on runback ice within Reynolds number of 0.6×〖10〗^6 over the angle of attack from 0 degree to 20 degree and then results were compared with the results of clean airfoil. Generally, Having examined behavior of the flow pattern and aerodynamic coefficients of the iced airfoil the results of which were compared to that of the clean airfoil, it can be concluded that icing phenomenon affects aerodynamic performance of the airfoil in two ways; in the first way that occurs at low angles of attack prior to stalling of the airfoil the effect is local .In this case ice accretion on the airfoil contributes to formation of a flow separation bubble behind the ice ridge on the upper surface of the airfoil. After numerical simulation of flow field, flow separation bubble behind the ice ridge was observed. The main effect of icing which is related to the second way occurs at angles of attack close to stall and post-stall. In this case flow pattern around the airfoil as well as aerodynamic coefficients undergo a fundamental change. In addition, it was made clear that runback ice causes stall angle decreases 2 degree and maximum lift reduces about 8 percent.

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Abstract:High death rate as a result of the Road Traffic Collision (TRC) in Iran, and the concomitant financial and economic damages, is alarming and requires an immediate attention and proper solution. Taking the culture of safety into consideration, this research aims to offer a model for enhancing road safety. In order to achieve this goal, I have done a comparative study of successful methods adopted by several countries, in dealing with this problem. Based on these findings, I have developed a model and designed Delphi Panel In three Periods Dimensions, components, and the required indicators were found and their importance in Hierarchical analysis was determined. The panel members are composed of specialists and authorities in the area of road safety. Findings of this research show that adoption of any and each of the above mentioned components would enhance the road safety culture. Adopting a flexible approach in each circumstance constitutes the most important aspect of my model. This is because, under each particular circumstance, by enhancing certain factors, we will be able to achieve our goal of enhancing the culture of safety

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        Means of transportation such as airplanes, trains, vehicles, etc. facilitate transportation of goods and passengers, which has been a very long lasting dream of mankind. Motor vehicles, among others, are used by so many persons; as a result, they cause more accidents and, accordingly, more damages than other means of transportation. The damages occur every day and are evident. This paper seeks to conduct a comparative study on the concept, typology and examples of motor vehicle accidents’ damages in the law of Iran and United Kingdom. The results showed that although there are some similarities between their legal systems, there are so many differences between the two. For example, there are different approaches to the psychological damages in the law and case law of the countries. The results ofthis study can be an answer to the related questions, and reveal the advantages and disadvantages of Iranian law in the regard.                      
*Corresponding Author’s E-mail:khajehzadeh.amir@yahoo.com

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Urban tunnels are one of the major infrastructures in transportation networks of metropolitan cities. Owing to the enclosed space of tunnels, the safety of through passage is essential. Identify factors affecting the frequency of accidents in urban tunnels can be useful in preventing and reducing related casualties. In this research, we try to determine the factors affecting a number of accidents by comparing the generalized linear model and the generalized additive model. The data of Resalat tunnel comes from Tehran's urban tunnels control and management centre, which includes the daily volume variables, the percentage of heavy vehicles, the difference between the average speed of passing vehicles from the tunnel and the speed limit of the highway as independent variables, and the number of accidents per day during the period 2010 to 2012 as dependent variable. In this research, R software programs are used respectively for fitting a generalized linear and generalized additive model. Based on the results of generalized linear and generalized additive models, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the difference between the average speed of passing vehicles from the tunnel and the speed limit of the highway are significantly and positively related to the frequency of accidents in the access and entrance areas of the tunnel. The logarithm of daily traffic volume is not meaningful in the generalized additive model, in contrast to the generalized linear model. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the frequency of accidents in urban tunnels by using advanced statistical models will greatly help to develop effective measures in improving the safety of tunnels. Urban tunnels are one of the major infrastructures in transportation networks of metropolitan cities. Owing to the enclosed space of tunnels, the safety of through passage is essential. Identify factors affecting the frequency of accidents in urban tunnels can be useful in preventing and reducing related casualties. In this research, we try to determine the factors affecting a number of accidents by comparing the generalized linear model and the generalized additive model. The data of Resalat tunnel comes from Tehran's urban tunnels control and management centre, which includes the daily volume variables, the percentage of heavy vehicles, the difference between the average speed of passing vehicles from the tunnel and the speed limit of the highway as independent variables, and the number of accidents per day during the period 2010 to 2012 as dependent variable. In this research, R software programs are used respectively for fitting a generalized linear and generalized additive model. Based on the results of generalized linear and generalized additive models, the percentage of heavy vehicles and the difference between the average speed of passing vehicles from the tunnel and the speed limit of the highway are significantly and positively related to the frequency of accidents in the access and entrance areas of the tunnel. The logarithm of daily traffic volume is not meaningful in the generalized additive model, in contrast to the generalized linear model. Therefore, identifying the factors affecting the frequency of accidents in urban tunnels by using advanced statistical models will greatly help to develop effective measures in improving the safety of tunnels.

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Due to the lack of access to the data of three rotational components of earthquakes, seismic analysis of new buildings as well as assessment of the vulnerability of existing structures are usually carried out only by applying the translational components of earthquakes. Iranian Standard 2800 proposed an accidental eccentricity for considering the earthquake rotational component effect in the seismic analysis of building structures. The present investigation is focused on the effects of earthquake rotational excitation on the seismic response of buildings having various dynamic properties which situated on a rigid foundation. In addition, adequacy of the accidental eccentricity of 5% recommended by seismic design code for inclusion of the earthquake rotational component impact in the non-linear time history analysis of buildings is studied, as well. To achieve this, a large number of one-story torsionally stiff and flexible building models with a wide range of lateral vibration periods (T=0.05 to 2sec) and three different values of inherent eccentricity of 0, 15 and 25% were modeled. These models were once excited by the translational components of ground motions and once again by both translational and rotational components of ground motions. The building models were re-analyzed after applying the 5% accidental eccentricity based on the procedure presented by Standard 2800 (shifting the center of mass in the negative and positive directions by 0.05 of the plan dimension). For conducting the non-linear time history analyses, a number of earthquakes were selected and the rotational records for these events were generated by use of an indirect single station method based on the seismic wave propagation in an elastic and homogeneous medium. In total, over than 2600 nonlinear dynamic analyses have been conducted in this numerical research. In order to determine the role of earthquake rotational excitation in the seismic behavior of  buildings, the variations of displacement response for the left and right sides of diaphragm and the torsion of diaphragm about the mass center due to the effect of rotational component were evaluated. By comparing the results obtained in this study, it is found that the rotational component has a substantial influence on the structural responses, which this effect is a function of the fundamental dynamic characteristics of system such as uncoupled rotational to translational frequency ratio, lateral vibration period and irregularity. The displacement of diaphragm can be increased up to 50% when the rotational component of ground motion is included in the seismic load combinations. Decreasing the frequency ratio leads to increase of the rotational component effect for the stiff buildings with short periods, while in the other cases reduces the growth of displacement due to the rotational component. Furthermore, results indicate that the accidental eccentricity of 5% cannot increase the seismic responses as much as the earthquake rotational motion, and leads to unreal and underestimate results for the most of lateral vibration periods. Thus, the current Standard 2800 approach cannot be considered as an appropriate alternative for considering the accidental torsion induced by the rotational component of ground motion, and it seems that this approach needs to be re-evaluated.

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In order to study the formation of human’s perception, it is significant to determine what reconstructive reality perception is, how they are formed, and what are their positions in the categorization of intelligibilities and in the analysis and reconstruction of social theory. Relations between human beings and the ones between human beings and their surroundings fall under the category of reconstructive reality; therefore, it is important to understand what reconstructive realities are and how they can be reconstructed and ranked based on Allameh Tabatabai’s philosophy. Employing the descriptive analytical method, the present study focuses on the analysis of reconstructive reality perception in his philosophy, through which, moral and social systems can be shaped. Social theory does not discuss the truth of existence, instead, sheds light on the realm of accident. By introducing the reconstructive reality theory, Allameh Tabatabai links the scope of philosophy and wisdom in the Islamic tradition to the issues and possibilities of occurrence – and in the ratio of reconstructive reality that man provides. Assuming the power of human credibility, he introduces an abstract concept called society in his philosophy, and, in this sense, he creates a link between philosophy and sociology that has not been studied by many scholars. Society has not been seen as a real credible issue among Islamic philosophers. However, Allameh Tabatabai does not consider society as a truth rather speaks of it as a reconstructive reality perception, and this can be a turning point in the discussion of alternative social sciences.