---

---

Archaeology with the help of other sciences in this era has been applied to solve the ancient environment and settlement of ancient sites. On the other hand, the high expenditure of interdisciplinary research for solving the environmental archaeology research takes less attention in the field of archaeological science. Meanwhile, chemical analysis, which gives information about the depth of soil in archaeological sites, needs suitable laboratory methods that, can provide much helpfal data to recognize the archaeological layers. These data also helped us to find the exact place of archaeological settlement in the Shusthar plain. Archaeological dating showed that the Shushtar plain was occupied in last phase of Holocene seven thousands before by the seasonally migrating people. In this article, the use of XRF chemical spectroscopy with AMS dating guided us to construct the ancient environment and environment development in the Shushtar plain in the Holocene period?

---

Analysis of the spatial and temporal trends of precipitation and temperature are pertinent for future development and sustainable management of water resources in a given region. In this paper, we present a study concerning the climatic behavior of two principal observables Variables, viz. monthly temperature (maximum and minimum) and mean precipitations obtained from the measurements carried out in 60 Iranian meteorological stations for 40 years from 1969 to 2008. The Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the significant trends.Results showed that during summer and autumn, the precipitation had a negative trend (at 5% significant level) in the south-eastern parts of Iran and this trend is less during spring, but no special trend was observed in winter. The minimum and the maximum temperatures did not have any particular trend in winter. Spring was accompanied by an increase in positive trend in the maximum temperatures in the south-west and north-east, while the minimum temperature only limited in the south-west parts. Positive and negative trends of the minimum temperature were very dispersed during the summer. The maximum temperatures had a negative trend in the north-west and no positive trend was observed at 5% significant level. During autumn, the temperatures indices had positive and negative trends with a wide range of dispersion.

---

Variance of rainfed crops yield in different years is one of the main problems of world agriculture, specially in arid regions. There are two major groups of factors that might affect the development of agriculture.The First group are factors that are either constant in time or can be controlled with modifing methods and technologies. The second group are unsustainable factors related to microclimate of each region (such as the rate of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity, etc.) which we can not have any control on them; because climate modifing based on optimum need of any crop is possible only in Greenhouse conditions and in small scale, Therefore, recognizing the climatic parameters that influence crop yield is very important. By taking these factors into account, models can be prepared for forcasting the productivity and necessary plans can be made for providing the necessary crops in case of any shortage or saving them in stocks in case that there are more than enough. In this research, the effective climatic parameters in the productivity of rainfed wheat in west Azarbaijan province has been studied, and the relation of crop yield and climatic parameters has been investigated by making different multiple-regression models. Finally, some modells has been presented for forcasting the rainfed wheat productivity in west Azarbaijan province. Result of this study show annaully rainfall total and annaully frost days average parameters have the more important role in the produce of find model.

---

Plant growth promoting bacteria produce ACC deaminase (EC4.1.99.4) which regulates the biosynthesis of ethylene through cleavage of ACC (immediate precursor of Ethylene) into -ketobutyarate and ammonia. Therefore, it has an important role in plant growth promotion via lowering indigenous ethylene levels especially when the plants are exposed to an environmental stress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cloning, expression, purification and determination of biochemical properties of ACC deaminase from Pseudomonas fluorescense. In this regard, the ACC deaminase encoding gene of Pseudomonas fluoresense FY32 was isolated and cloned in pET28 a (+) and the resultant pET28/acdS construct then was transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3). The expressed enzyme was purified by metal-affinity chromatography on Ni(2+)-TED-Sepharose column and then the optimum conditions and biochemical properties of the purified enzyme was examined. This enzyme showed the highest activity at 28 °C, pH 7 in the presence of 30 mM MgSO4. Also, the significant reduction of ACC deaminase activity was observed in 160 ppm of NaCl. The Km and Vmax of enzyme were calculated to be 9.66 mM and 0.11 nM mg-1 h-1, respectively (determined by the concentration of the produced α-ketobutyrate), which were relatively higher than those previously reported.

---

---

ntroduction
Attracting the participation of elites to the planning discourse is one of the topics that can lead to specialized contemplation to provide a participatory model and to explain a suitable climate model for the country. In this regard, basic spatial planning against conventional spatial planning is among the frameworks and concepts that always require discursive analysis to evolve into a final model. The purpose of this paper is to propose a discussion through the context of discursive thinking and analysis about the distinctions, differences and similarities of basic planning versus conventional planning. It seems that the discursive analysis, in addition to explaining the different dimensions of basic planning can be more useful.
Main concepts of conventional spatial planning and basic spatial planning
The earliest concept of spatial planning is related to the classical triangle, whose outline is formed from environment, human and activity. In the classical approach, the most important issue that is considered is the structure or organization of space that depicts how to structure the elements of space in relation to the land area. The second view that can be proposed after the first is the concept of spatial sustainability. In this view, the main goal is to create a balance in the geographic space that provides sustainability, i.e. exploitation or lack of coordination in the relations of habitat, human and activity do not cause the balance in the geographic space. The third view refers to spatial planning, whose main purpose is to create a balance in geographic space, so that balanced development can be formed in the place of geographic space, and that it is not part of development and part of underdevelopment.
In contrast, basic spatial  planning is not only based on the same  framework of land use, but also covers national values in the macro approach. The Islamic and Iranian spirit is of particular interest in basic spatial planning. Formation of land justice is one of the important issues that has a fundamental value in basic spatial planning and its overall goal is to distribute the spatial justice facilities in the country that can create spatial equilibrium in the land area. Considering the characteristics of the land has a special role in presenting the planning policies in different scales in basic spatial planning.
Differences between conventional versus basic spatial planning
The most important distinction between conventional and basic spatial planning is that this model has been changed in terms of capabilities and facilities, weaknesses, threats and opportunities. Therefore, the most important distinction of this pattern is in importing the values of the Islamic ruler on the one hand and the territorial characteristics on the other hand. Thus, the same aspect of differentiation that is considered for the model of progress against the development model is also significant in the model of basic spatial planning against conventional spatial planning. Considering this issue, it is necessary to study Islamic ideas derived from Islamic teachings to extract the viewpoints in land use of human being, activity and space and based on them the basic spatial planning takes practical form. Considering that the views in the Islamic values are very different, using different views in the form of discursive analysis will be very effective that while examining and critiquing different viewpoints, we can achieve the best viewpoint in this regard and consider it in the final model.
Spatial planning is an empirical knowledge and a function of the geographical and cultural system of nations, and land as a spatial container is formed based on the value differences of societies and finally spatial identity is one of the most important dimensions of basic spatial planning that is not considered in conventional spatial planning as it should be. In general, the differences between conventional and basic planning can be considered in the following cases: considering human and society in conventional land and basic spatial planning has a great difference. It seems that basic human with Islamic viewpoint seeks to create a monotheistic society based on equality, and for this reason, such a human being in regulating his relationship with the environment will observe various aspects to provide the appropriate and optimal utilization of the facilities at his disposal, the grounds for human evolution and promotion of moral practice. Discursive analysis can also be very useful in this regard, because by examining the concepts extracted from Islamic values and terrestrial features, different conditions can be assessed, and their differences extracted and if necessary, provide conditions that can be presented the best model through consensus.
Similarities between conventional versus basic spatial planning
It can be said that in 80% of the cases, these two planning have a methodological and conceptual commonality. This subscription can be proposed in a variety of cases, including: the type of data required by environmental, economic, social and etc., method of collecting required data, data integration method, developing strategies, monitoring methods.
Conclusions
Basic spatial planning is a new concept that has been proposed and consequently has raised a lot of questions for the scientific community, practitioners and even the general public, which requires settlements. Discursive analysis is an appropriate tool for this subject that can help to clarify the different aspects of the subject. Preparing the context of this discourse is possible in different ways; publishing the basic concepts of fundamental planning in mass media and various social networks is one of the primary solutions in this regard. Holding various specialized conferences and meetings in academic spaces where all thinkers can present their views is also important in this regard.

---

This paper resulted from studies on 1:50000 scale topographical, 1:250000 scale geological and 1:250000 scale land use maps and meteorological and hydrometrics station data for road safety proposes considering environmental hazards parameters. We overlay table and map data layers considering spatial distribution, time and severity of hazards effect and then after field surveys, based on evidences and all of our data many maps of geological sensitivity, climatic, hydrologic and geomorphologic hazards produced. Finally by collating three above-mentioned maps, final map of environmental hazards of Sanandaj- Marivan road was produced. We conclude that about 65 percent of the road is passing over very high risk areas, 25 percent over high and 10 percent over mid risk areas.

---

According to available statistics, thousands of people are killed or paralyzed in road accidents every year. Based on the most recent statistics more than 22000 people have been killed in road accidents in Iran in 1381 and this means a national disaster. In this paper, accidents of Firouzkoh- Sari road, in different atmospheric conditions such as rainy, snowy, frosty and foggy have been studied in a 3 years period (1993-1996). In order to investigate the role of climatological phenomena in occurrence of accidents, the hourly data of meteorology stations of Firouzkoh, Gharakhil Ghaemshahr and Dasht-e-Naz Sari have been used and the atmospheric condition at the time of accident has been obtained from them. Detailed accident information at the study period too, has been deriven from police road accident database. In this paper the map of accidents distribution and map of probability of accident risk in different condition such as rainy, snowy, frosty and foggy has been provided by using GIS. According to the result of maps showing the probability of accident risk, the most probability risks when it is raining are on the 125th and 130th kilometers, when it is freezing is on the 40th kilometer, when it is snowing are on the 30th, 29th and 40th kilometers and when it is foggy are on the 100th, 106th, 108th, 109th and 110th kilometers. Finally, by using probability maps of accident risk in each atmospheric condition, such as rainy, snowy, icy and foggy, also by using importance coefficient of each of these phenomenon (based on frequency of accidents) the final map of probability accident risk has been produced and the road has been classified to three classes, very high risk, high risk and mid risk. Based on these classes, the highest probability of risk in inclement weather is on the 35th, 100th, 108th, 109th, 110th, 122th, 125th and 130th kilometers.

---

The aim of this study is to examine the main determinants of visitors' willingness to Pay (WTP) for the Pasargad Historical Palaces using contingent valuation method (CVM). To this end, the data are collected using questionnaire throughout a random sample of the citizens of Isfahan, Shiraz and Marvdasht. The data include socio-economic information and visitors' willingness to pay. The variables considered in the WTP model comprise gender, age, education, occupation, income, household size, environmental attitude and distance. Considering the characteristics of the data, the Probit and Tobit techniques are employed to estimate the model. The empirical results indicate that the average visitors’ willingness to pay is 114530 Rials. Moreover, the results confirm that the gender, household size, distance and income have statistically significant effects on visitors’ willingness to pay. However, the results show that the women are more likely to pay more than men. Based on the individuals willingness to pay and the number of visitors, the value of Pasargad Palaces from the point of view of the domestic visitors and consumption surplus exceed to 6640 and 6060 million Rials, respectively.

---

Public librararies have an important role in people opportunity to recive information and cultural products. In this paper studied spatial distribution, availbilities and facilities of public library of No. 12 district in Tehran. First base map and required information such as population rate, education and infrastructures and facilities gathered and then completed answering form according to needed information. Result of this sudy indicate in spite of population rate in study area is less than other districts in Tehran, but frequency of libraries is more. Using geographic information systems functions determined one 1000 m radius around libraries centres and extracted the attribute data for each of studied cells. The study of determined cells around each of library indicate the exciting libraries has not optimum distribution. Also facilities and possibilities is not according to population rate that lived in the 1000 m applied radius of each library. To solve present problem have proposed maximum use of other cultural spaces and stablishment of new library in the studied area.

---

Water deficiency and incorrect management of available water resources caused water crisis and drought occurrence increased intensity of the crisis. These crises have environmental, economical and social aspects. In this research, water crisis of Nishabor was studied. Thus, climatic, hydrologic, geologic and land use data layers were used and based on these data, analysis of the plain aquifer, hydrologic water balance, water needed and land use role on water crisis and finally spatial distribution of water crisis took places. The obtained results indicated that Nishabor aquifer storage has water deficiency of about 200 million cubic meters and the areas with medium to high water crises cover about 50 percent of study plain. Considering the exciting land use, we proposed land use correction for the areas with crises in order to manage and controlthe intensity of water crises.

---

This study was conducted in order to determine the situation and position of Jetstream in the west of Iran and its speed during the rainy synoptic systems in land surface. Therefore, rainfall data of sven synoptic stations in Ilam and Kermanshah provinces during the 1990s, and 60 systems were selected and of the accessible systems the maps 54 were analyzed. The required analyses were carried out by assessing maps on two days before precipitation, beginning of the precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The results showed that Jetstream tracks had anticyclonic curve two days before precipitation which acquire cyclonic curve on the beginning of of precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The value of the Jetstreams meridian gradient is much more, on the days of maximum precipitation than the other days and falls to the minimum rate on the days before precipitation. Jetstream cores were spread on two days before precipitation too which were concentrated in two areas on the beginning and on the maximum precipitation days. The first area was placed in 25-30° north latitude and 32.5-42.5° east longitude (Northern Red Sea) and the second area in 35-39° north latitude and 45-50° north longitude (Southeastern Caspian Sea). There was no linear correlation between Jetstream cores velocity and the volume of system precipitation, because of the effect of many factors on the amount of the systems, precipitation amount. The maximum effect of Jetstream in the studied area was when the Jetstream in the upper levels of troposphere (200 hp) was place of in the south of the lower levels of the Jetstream (300 hp), so that the Jetstream in the lower levels of troposphere was closer to the studied area.

---

Analysis of land use changes in the areas around of large dams specially in the top of dam building and hydrology network is the main subject to evaluate environmentally effects. In this paper, analysis of dam effects in Sattarkhan Dam of Ahar city has been studied. Due to this dam supporting water in order to using in agriculture, drinking water activities and to support water for lands under dam construction areas, have considerable effects in the environment. In this study using results of reorganization of changed areas and unchanged areas from satellite images and to combine them with building and other equipments, rate and extent al effects analyzed in land use were determined. The results of this research in GIS environment as thematic maps presented, indicate that in covered Sattarkhan Dam have two direct and indirect effects in its around. Th/e changes of grounds and agricultural levels to building and water surface is the directs of very high injured and changes of dry farm land and bear land to gardens developments of urban areas is the indirect effects and has low and very high injured indexes respectively.

---

Saffron as the most expensive agriculture and medicinal product of world, is a plant in consider to aridity resistant has interesting role in social and economical status of arid and semi arid of southern and central Khorasan provinces. Relatively good income of this product, short period of cultivation and low level water need, farmers of Nishabor to intend to cultivate without attention to possibility and potentials of lands that has created some problems and low yields. In this paper, The areas with potential cultivations for saffron using altitude, slop gradient, land capacity, soil deep, access potential to surface and ground water maps and temperature thresholds affect in saffron are analyzed in GIS environment. In this purpose, different weighting method as ranking, rating and AHP calculate and related map produced. After comparing method, rating method as the best model was used to produce of final potential map. The result of this study indicates that about 2146 square km of lands plain has very good potential to develop saffron cultivation that in present statues, this lands specified to dry farming, irrigated farming, semi condense and condense ranglands. Land use changes to saffron, is created areas economical development.

---

The aim of this study is to identify the tracking and origin of the arriving precipitation systems to the region under study and to count the frequencies of these systems. For this purpose, the rainfall data of seven stations of two provinces (Kermanshah and Ilam) were investigated during a 10 years period (1990-99). Therefore, 80 systems were selected. Then, surface level maps and 500Hp of 68 available systems were studied. The analysis was carried out over the central cyclonic of the surface level maps in the 6 hour cycles and upper-level low trough axis level of 500Hp in the 12 hour cycles. The results of indicated that majority of the systems with precipitation for the region were Sudanese systems. Moreover, only the Sudanese systems had more than 300mm precipitation. On the second level of significance were the compo (Mediterranean-Sudanese) systems. The most important compound area of compo systems is the east Mediterranean at the longitude of 33°-36° Eastern and the latitude of 30°-35° Northern. The Mediterranean systems mostly originate from the Adriatic Sea and the central Mediterranean and normally move towards east along the latitude of 35°. So, Monsoon systems bring about precipitation for the target areas at the end of spring and summer during their intensification. Normally, in most of the rainy days, positions of the Mediterranean long wave axis locate at the east of the Mediterranean to the north of the Red Sea (longitude 30°E-40°E). Morever, there is no direct relation between the deepening, of the end of the trough axis and the rate of precipitation.

---

In this research, regarding the young structure of people in Sanandaj, high rate of immigration of villagers, the need to urban buildings and optimal use of the sources especially saving in buildings, in accordance with the existing climate parameters and position of the studied area, a monthly standard was used to study the situation of climate-environment and climate harmony of the old and new contexts of Sanandaj and to offer architectural proposals to utilize more natural energy (sun, wind) and saving in fossil fuels. After calculating the situation of the climate environment of Sanandaj, the present buildings, were divided into three groups of new context, old context and eroded context according to age and architectural properties and,142 samples of architectural contexts from different parts of Sanandaj were selected. Then, using the monthly standards, a question was set and completed according to the architectural properties of the samples. The results of the questioners for every context were extracted separately and analyzed by SPSS software to compare with the monthly standards and to estimate the amount of climate harmony of the buildings. According to the monthly sta€ndards, the old context had the highest harmony with the local climate and the new context had the least. Totally, 50% of the buildings in Sanandaj are in harmony with the local climate.

---

Ecological studies based on field data have shown that vegetation phenology follows a relatively well-defined temporal pattern. This pattern, that is reflecting the cumulative temperature from the date of the beginning of the growth, can be represented by the use of a suitable model. Due to the spatial, temporal, and ecological complexity of these processes a simple method to monitor phenological behavior of the vegetation canopies through remote sensing has proven elusive. Employing ASTER images from different seasons, might make it possible to produce an algorithm for sugarcane phenological date estimation and as well to monitor different stages of the plant growth from cultivation to harvest. For this, a parameter, namely Physiological Date is employed. Based on the field collected data and selected ASTER Images, 133 Regions Of Interest (ROI) having different Phenological Dates (PD) in units of Degree-Days (DDs) were supplied. One hundred of these samples were taken for modeling and another 33 for testing the models. Such indices as NDVI and SAVI along with PDs for the ROIs were calculated. The correlation between these indices and PDs was investigated. This ended up with the introduction of two models of PANDVI and PASAVI respectively based on the use of NDVI and SAVI indices for PD assessment. PANDVI model showed a better correlation with the field recorded data although either of the models can be well enough predictive.

---

In this paper, in order to recognizing of moisture resources of western part of Iran and water vapor transport quality from surrounded around areas to this region were selected. The study of specific moisture distribution and precipitable water in the study area indicate that the moisture from two days before precipitation start on the Iran, in lower levels of troposphere from southern region of Red sea and Aden gulf, to north of middle east and then from precipitation start day to east (west of Iran) were replaced. Calculated moisture flux values have indicated that Arab and Oman seas in study period have the heights divergence of moisture flux specifically in lower levels of troposphere. But the role of Red sea in middle levels is clear. The result of this study indicates that eastern Mediterranean Sea not only has not moisture sending but also from Oman, Arab, Red Seas and theirs central part moisture received. The highest moisture in precipitation days on the Iran observed in the lower levels of troposphere that are equal only in northwest region, moisture transition rate in lower levels and middle of troposphere. Also the result indicates that Oman Sea and Arab sea are the most important resources of moisture supply of occurred precipitation on the west of Iran.

---

The NCEP/NCAR monthly mean reanalysis data have been used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of subtropical anticyclones over the Asia-Africa. The geopotential height and zonal and meridional wind components of 1000, 500, 200 and 100 hPa in a 30-year period (1971-2000) have been employed to determine the geographical characteristics, frequency and ridgeline of subtropical anticyclone in a domain of 60 -120 from April to October. The results revealed that there is an obvious difference about the location of subtropical anticyclones at lower, middle and upper levels. While Iranian anticyclone has been located in both middle and upper levels of troposphere, the Azores high, the Northwest African anticyclone, the Saudi Arabia anticyclone and the Tibetan anticyclone have just seen at lower, middle and upper levels of troposphere, respectively. The summertime geographical pattern of anticyclone center at 1000, 500, 200 and 100 hPa showed one mode (east of Atlantic Ocean), three mode (northwest Africa-Iran-Saudi Arabia), dispersed(from south china to west of Iran) and bimodal (Tibetan plateau-Iranian plateau) of distribution, respectively. In all levels, the maximum latitude of the ridgeline of subtropical anticyclone has related to august, which have been located over the northern flank of Tibetan plateau at 500 hPa, a wide region from the east to west of Asia at 200 hPa and Iran at 100 hPa. The most latitudinal jumping of ridgeline was from June to July, which has been reaching to 10 degrees along some longitudes.