Tarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Evaluating the Capability of Volunteered Geographic Information to Create a 3D City PerspectiveEvaluating the Capability of Volunteered Geographic Information to Create a 3D City Perspective12514668FAAliKhosravi KazaziDepartment of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityFarhadHosseinaliDepartment of Surveying Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training UniversityJournal ArticleIntroduction
World population growth increases the importance of 3D city models because these models make some essential spatial analysis (such as visualization, navigation, emergency responses, disaster management and urban planning) possible or at least easier. 3D city models which were created based on common standards like CityGML are almost general comprehensive. However, quality, capability and precision of 3D city models depend on their input data. Traditional and commercial 3D data capturing methods that meet quality criteria are expensive and time-consuming. Technologic developments and new internet-based tools have provided a platform to capture spatial data by participate participation of public and volunteers. These participations are known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). VGI is strongly welcomed by researchers and developers, as today's multiple projects such as OpenStreetMap not only work with two-dimensional data, but also capture 3D data produced by the volunteers.
Methodology
In this research the goal is using VGI to collect the required data for 3D city modeling based on the well-known CityGML standard. Thus, a mobile application connected to a server was developed. We used image processing algorithms such as SIFT, Canny and RANAC for image matching, edge detection and vanishing point recognition respectively. Images were transformed to ground coordinate system. Finally, acquired textures via VGI are were assigned to 3D model.
Results and discussion
In order to evaluate the proposed method, 3D model of a building in Shahid Rajaee University (as the most important part of a 3D city model by VGI) was created. The building height was calculated 53.34 meters. For elevation accuracy control, the building height was measured by ground-based operations. The building height based on this method was 34.44 meters. According to the defined the level of details on the CityGML standard, the required precision to create a 3D model in the fourth level of details is 20 cm. So, details can be obtained through volunteered information and images into the 3D model of building with the fourth level of details.
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained by the proposed method, the calculated building height is only 9 cm different with the exact height of the building obtained through the surveying operation. This difference is less than 20 centimeters, that is the required accuracy for fourth level of detail in 3D modeling. This suggests that through the proposed method, the 3D model of the building could be achieved through VGI at the fourth level of details. In addition to being an affordable method for creating a 3D city model, using VGI is a fast way to collect various information. In further studies, it is proposed to use machine learning and deep learning techniques to automate the process of creating a 3D model from volunteered geographic information in order to complete and develop this approach.Introduction
World population growth increases the importance of 3D city models because these models make some essential spatial analysis (such as visualization, navigation, emergency responses, disaster management and urban planning) possible or at least easier. 3D city models which were created based on common standards like CityGML are almost general comprehensive. However, quality, capability and precision of 3D city models depend on their input data. Traditional and commercial 3D data capturing methods that meet quality criteria are expensive and time-consuming. Technologic developments and new internet-based tools have provided a platform to capture spatial data by participate participation of public and volunteers. These participations are known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). VGI is strongly welcomed by researchers and developers, as today's multiple projects such as OpenStreetMap not only work with two-dimensional data, but also capture 3D data produced by the volunteers.
Methodology
In this research the goal is using VGI to collect the required data for 3D city modeling based on the well-known CityGML standard. Thus, a mobile application connected to a server was developed. We used image processing algorithms such as SIFT, Canny and RANAC for image matching, edge detection and vanishing point recognition respectively. Images were transformed to ground coordinate system. Finally, acquired textures via VGI are were assigned to 3D model.
Results and discussion
In order to evaluate the proposed method, 3D model of a building in Shahid Rajaee University (as the most important part of a 3D city model by VGI) was created. The building height was calculated 53.34 meters. For elevation accuracy control, the building height was measured by ground-based operations. The building height based on this method was 34.44 meters. According to the defined the level of details on the CityGML standard, the required precision to create a 3D model in the fourth level of details is 20 cm. So, details can be obtained through volunteered information and images into the 3D model of building with the fourth level of details.
Conclusion
Based on the results obtained by the proposed method, the calculated building height is only 9 cm different with the exact height of the building obtained through the surveying operation. This difference is less than 20 centimeters, that is the required accuracy for fourth level of detail in 3D modeling. This suggests that through the proposed method, the 3D model of the building could be achieved through VGI at the fourth level of details. In addition to being an affordable method for creating a 3D city model, using VGI is a fast way to collect various information. In further studies, it is proposed to use machine learning and deep learning techniques to automate the process of creating a 3D model from volunteered geographic information in order to complete and develop this approach.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14668_819e2e55be8ef0957b56ea94356bfb79.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Epistemological analysis of spatial planning plan in Iran'sEpistemological analysis of spatial planning plan in Iran's276314669FAAliMokhtari KarcheganiGraduate Master of Land Preparation Tarbiat Modarres UniversityMortazaTavakoliFactuly member of Tarbiat modaresZahraAhmadipourFactuly member of tarbiat modaresJournal ArticleAbstract:
The subject of this research is the epistemological analysis of Iranian Spatial planning plans. Its The purpose is to identify, critique and present the characteristics of a desirable epistemic system for Iranian provincial planning schemes. To achieve these goals, five sampling plans of Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khuzestan, Markazi and Hamedan were selected using designed sampling strategy. Provincial planning were identified and criticized. Finally, using the recent successful global theories and experiences, the characteristics of the desired epistemology system have been identified and tested by experts using a questionnaire. This research follows a combined (deductive - inductive) methodology. The nature of descriptive-analytical research is fundamental. The research findings show that the provincial spatial planning plans of Iran follow the academic epistemology. Recent global experiences and theories have shown that preparing plans with this mindset poses serious challenges to planners in three areas: theory, methodology and practice. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a new epistemic apparatus for Iranian provincial planning plans. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that the experts should have a special emphasis on applying the epistemic system of pluralistic-critical rationality in Iranian provincial preparation spatial plans. This approach has been able to address the weaknesses and shortcomings of previous epistemic devices in the theoretical, methodological, and practical fields and has led planners to develop an efficient integrated approach.Abstract:
The subject of this research is the epistemological analysis of Iranian Spatial planning plans. Its The purpose is to identify, critique and present the characteristics of a desirable epistemic system for Iranian provincial planning schemes. To achieve these goals, five sampling plans of Mazandaran, North Khorasan, Khuzestan, Markazi and Hamedan were selected using designed sampling strategy. Provincial planning were identified and criticized. Finally, using the recent successful global theories and experiences, the characteristics of the desired epistemology system have been identified and tested by experts using a questionnaire. This research follows a combined (deductive - inductive) methodology. The nature of descriptive-analytical research is fundamental. The research findings show that the provincial spatial planning plans of Iran follow the academic epistemology. Recent global experiences and theories have shown that preparing plans with this mindset poses serious challenges to planners in three areas: theory, methodology and practice. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a new epistemic apparatus for Iranian provincial planning plans. Therefore, the results of the research indicate that the experts should have a special emphasis on applying the epistemic system of pluralistic-critical rationality in Iranian provincial preparation spatial plans. This approach has been able to address the weaknesses and shortcomings of previous epistemic devices in the theoretical, methodological, and practical fields and has led planners to develop an efficient integrated approach.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14669_144b646e159cb47f13a4ebb4c8d00628.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Explanation the factors affecting on achievement a happy city in Shiraz MetropolisExplanation the factors affecting on achievement a happy city in Shiraz Metropolis6510314670FASaraMirzaeiStudent in University of IsfahanAliZangiabadiAssociate Professor in University of IsfahanJournal ArticleIntroduction:
Since the sense of happiness is influenced by multiple structures of urban society on the one hand, and affects the process of urban community development and excellence on the other hand, it is one of the major issues discussed in urban planning literature, that has so far been studied more psychologically and sociologically. Therefore, in order to have a happy city, it is necessary to pay attention to the indicators affecting happiness in the city and plan planning accordingly. The role of happiness in the lives of people in the community is so much important that the social thinker, Raskin, believes: The richest country is the one with the highest percentage of happy people. It is so important that since 2000, the United Nations has accounted the variable of happiness as a key variable to classify the developments of countries; that is, if people in a society do not feel happy and satisfied, they cannot be considered a developed society. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl alـBayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Therefore, doing this research can provide some strategies for enhancing happiness and vitality in Shiraz city, and on the other hand, helps to promote the level of hosting culture. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the realization of happy city in Shiraz metropolis. Research questions are: 1ـ How much is citizen’s happiness & their satisfaction with environmental, Socioـcultural sociocultural, economical, physical & managerial factors in Shiraz?
2ـ How much environmental, social, economical, physical and managerial variables influence on happiness?
The present study has one main hypothesis:
Hypothesis 1ـ Environmental, socioـcultural sociocultural, economical, Pphysical & Mmanagerial factors influence on the realization of happy city in Shiraz.
Methodology:
The present study is quantitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data are collected using library studies and field method. Using the this field’s studies in this field presented in the study research literature study’s literature, and then using the three stages of the Delphi questionnaire compiled by Iranian experts in psychology, social sciences, geography and urban planning, and architecture and urban design, the factors influencing realization of the happy city have been identified and extracted, which we have investigated them in another study and are used as research variables in this study. The variables affecting happiness in the present study, including socioـculturalsociocultural, ecologicalـenvironmental, economicـlivelihood, physicalـstructural and M managerialـadministrative, were extracted as independent variables, and happiness as dependent variable. Statistical data are collected using experts and citizen questionnaires in Shiraz metropolis. The statistical population of the study were inhabitants and experts of Shiraz city. The sample size was 22 experts and 384 people based on population of Shiraz city in 2017 using Cochran method. The study time interval was autumn and winter of 2018. Data analysis was done in two parts: descriptive and inferential. In the descriptive section, the status of the research sample was presented, and the status of the city of Shiraz was studied in terms of research variables. In the inferential section, to test the research hypotheses, the varianceـbased structural equation modeling (partial least squares) approach was used, and SPSS and Amos Graphic software were used for statistical analysis. Finally, by using the SWOT method, the strategies for realizing a happy city in Shiraz were presented.
Results & Discussion:
According to the results of the study, the current status of happiness in Shiraz is above average, which is relatively good due to Iran's very low level of happiness globally compared to global ones. In terms of factors affecting the realization of a happy city, the environmental & socioـcultural sociocultural factors were in the middle level, and other economic, physical and managerial factors were lower than the average, which indicate the inadequate status of these factors in the city of Shiraz. Moreover, of course, it shows that the people of Shiraz are, in themselves, happy people, regardless of the factors involved. However, given the impact of each of these factors, it can be seen that by prioritizing them and planning to improve each one, the happiness of the citizens will increase. Another important result of this study was the effect of independent variables on happiness, which was confirmed, and it was found that all 5 factors have a direct effect on happiness. By improving each of the affecting factors, the happiness of Shiraz will increase, and, on the contrary, by decreasing each of them, the happiness lowers down. Socioـcultural Sociocultural, economic and physical variables were the most influential variables, followed by environmental and managerial variables, respectively.
Conclusion:
In order to make the city happy, all of the influencing factors must be taken into account at the same time. However, if we want to prioritize planning according to the status of the independent and dependent variables of the research and the extent of impact of each of them, the managerial variable should be the first priority of happy city planning and then socioeconomic variable, followed by the physical variable. Considering the relatively appropriate status of environmental indicators and of course the importance of this indicator for sustainable development, which underlies the realization of a happy city, this variable must be considered along with other variables in all planning. Based on the results of strategic planning, defensive strategies were selected for the realization of happy city; among these strategies, the strategy of "strengthening the positive role of public and private institutions as an important and main factor influencing the realization of a happy city" was given to first priority.
Keywords: Structural Equation Modeling, Strategic Planning, Happiness, Happy City, Shiraz.Introduction:
Since the sense of happiness is influenced by multiple structures of urban society on the one hand, and affects the process of urban community development and excellence on the other hand, it is one of the major issues discussed in urban planning literature, that has so far been studied more psychologically and sociologically. Therefore, in order to have a happy city, it is necessary to pay attention to the indicators affecting happiness in the city and plan planning accordingly. The role of happiness in the lives of people in the community is so much important that the social thinker, Raskin, believes: The richest country is the one with the highest percentage of happy people. It is so important that since 2000, the United Nations has accounted the variable of happiness as a key variable to classify the developments of countries; that is, if people in a society do not feel happy and satisfied, they cannot be considered a developed society. Shiraz, as the international tourism counter, the third shrine of Ahl alـBayt, and as the third Iranian tourist city, needs dynamic, happy and vital citizens. Therefore, doing this research can provide some strategies for enhancing happiness and vitality in Shiraz city, and on the other hand, helps to promote the level of hosting culture. Happy citizens have a better interaction with tourists and pilgrims, thereby increasing their satisfaction and attracting more tourists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the realization of happy city in Shiraz metropolis. Research questions are: 1ـ How much is citizen’s happiness & their satisfaction with environmental, Socioـcultural sociocultural, economical, physical & managerial factors in Shiraz?
2ـ How much environmental, social, economical, physical and managerial variables influence on happiness?
The present study has one main hypothesis:
Hypothesis 1ـ Environmental, socioـcultural sociocultural, economical, Pphysical & Mmanagerial factors influence on the realization of happy city in Shiraz.
Methodology:
The present study is quantitative in nature and applied in terms of purpose. Research data are collected using library studies and field method. Using the this field’s studies in this field presented in the study research literature study’s literature, and then using the three stages of the Delphi questionnaire compiled by Iranian experts in psychology, social sciences, geography and urban planning, and architecture and urban design, the factors influencing realization of the happy city have been identified and extracted, which we have investigated them in another study and are used as research variables in this study. The variables affecting happiness in the present study, including socioـculturalsociocultural, ecologicalـenvironmental, economicـlivelihood, physicalـstructural and M managerialـadministrative, were extracted as independent variables, and happiness as dependent variable. Statistical data are collected using experts and citizen questionnaires in Shiraz metropolis. The statistical population of the study were inhabitants and experts of Shiraz city. The sample size was 22 experts and 384 people based on population of Shiraz city in 2017 using Cochran method. The study time interval was autumn and winter of 2018. Data analysis was done in two parts: descriptive and inferential. In the descriptive section, the status of the research sample was presented, and the status of the city of Shiraz was studied in terms of research variables. In the inferential section, to test the research hypotheses, the varianceـbased structural equation modeling (partial least squares) approach was used, and SPSS and Amos Graphic software were used for statistical analysis. Finally, by using the SWOT method, the strategies for realizing a happy city in Shiraz were presented.
Results & Discussion:
According to the results of the study, the current status of happiness in Shiraz is above average, which is relatively good due to Iran's very low level of happiness globally compared to global ones. In terms of factors affecting the realization of a happy city, the environmental & socioـcultural sociocultural factors were in the middle level, and other economic, physical and managerial factors were lower than the average, which indicate the inadequate status of these factors in the city of Shiraz. Moreover, of course, it shows that the people of Shiraz are, in themselves, happy people, regardless of the factors involved. However, given the impact of each of these factors, it can be seen that by prioritizing them and planning to improve each one, the happiness of the citizens will increase. Another important result of this study was the effect of independent variables on happiness, which was confirmed, and it was found that all 5 factors have a direct effect on happiness. By improving each of the affecting factors, the happiness of Shiraz will increase, and, on the contrary, by decreasing each of them, the happiness lowers down. Socioـcultural Sociocultural, economic and physical variables were the most influential variables, followed by environmental and managerial variables, respectively.
Conclusion:
In order to make the city happy, all of the influencing factors must be taken into account at the same time. However, if we want to prioritize planning according to the status of the independent and dependent variables of the research and the extent of impact of each of them, the managerial variable should be the first priority of happy city planning and then socioeconomic variable, followed by the physical variable. Considering the relatively appropriate status of environmental indicators and of course the importance of this indicator for sustainable development, which underlies the realization of a happy city, this variable must be considered along with other variables in all planning. Based on the results of strategic planning, defensive strategies were selected for the realization of happy city; among these strategies, the strategy of "strengthening the positive role of public and private institutions as an important and main factor influencing the realization of a happy city" was given to first priority.
Keywords: Structural Equation Modeling, Strategic Planning, Happiness, Happy City, Shiraz.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14670_1fd37ce80d495bebcb35e0054d7384fe.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Organizational Network Analysis in the Management of Rural Hadi Plan. Case Study: Islamroud Village, Torghabeh-Shandiz CountyOrganizational Network Analysis in the Management of Rural Hadi Plan. Case Study: Islamroud Village, Torghabeh-Shandiz County10513714671FAAbdolreza RoknodinRokneddin EftekhariProfessor of Geography and Rural Planning, Tarbiat Modares UniversityNeshatOmidvarTarbiat Modares UniversityHosseinZanjanianUniversity of TehranJournal ArticleExtended Abstract
Introduction
As the 21st century continues to unfold, the rural developments, life quality, and tackling environmental issues have become a worldwide concern in rural areas. Currently, in Iran, rural settlements are dealing with a variety of problems; one among many is unorganized physical conditions. Thus, rural managers have prepared, enacted, and implemented some developing plans such as the Rural Hadi Plans. These plans are considered as interdisciplinary programs that engage various companies and organizations such as Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, Jihad Agriculture Organization, Rural Municipality, Department of Environment, etc. The complexity of this program emphasizes on demand for analyzing the relationships of among the abovementioned organizations in a more elaborated way, so as to help the managers to improve their relationships with other organizations and enhance their collaboration in order to reduce their possible conflicts. Hence, the principal aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between among the organizations related to the Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan.
Methodology
Considering the Islamroud village as the case study, in order to achieve the aim of this study, data was collected through library resources and documentary research. In addition, Social Network Analysis was applied as an effective method to evaluate organizational relationships. In this study, the network data was collected through a snowball sampling that it led to identify identification of 20 different organizations as focal organizations in Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan. In addition, some semi-structured interviews were conducted, and a specific questionnaire was designed based on the Likert scale (zero, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high) to report the intensity of relations. Besides, a part of the questionnaire investigated the collaborating and conflicting relationships that are filled by associated experts in 20 different organizations. Furthermore, UCINET and NETDRAW software were used to analyze the network measures and visualize the organizational relationships graph.
Results and Discussion
By analyzing network cohesion, the density of the whole network in communication relationships was %34.5, which is considered as the a low or relatively moderate amount. Also, the amount of in-degree centralization and out-degree centralization were %41.3 and %63.4, respectively. It means the lack of homogeneity and organizational cohesion in the network. Based on the results, more than half relationships were related to the core actors indicating their high political power. The amounts of reciprocity and transitivity were %57.8 and %52, respectively, indicating the existence of mediocre stability and balance in the network. Finally, the rate of average geodesic distances was 1.7, explaining the medium rate of communication speed in the organizational network, considering that the optimum amount is 1.5. There are some studies indicating the relation between network cohesion and the rate of plan/project progress. Therefore, based on the assumption, the rate of Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan progress during the defined period of time would be moderate or relatively low, and this statement is in consistency with the table of land uses from 2004 to 2016. Moreover, based on core/periphery result, many relations were connected to the core actors including Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, County Office, Rural Municipality, Islamic Rural Council, Jihad Agriculture Organization, and Rural Water and Wastewater Company in which the density of core network was %80.4. Also, the results of centrality measures including In-degree/Out-degree centrality, Betweenness centrality, Eigenvector centrality, and Beta centrality showed that Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, Rural Municipality, County Office, Governorate, Islamic Rural Council, Rural Water and Wastewater Company, and Jihad Agriculture Organization were the key stakeholders in the network. These organizations play a pivotal role in the preparation, enactment, and implementation of Rural Hadi Plan, and these findings are close to the core/periphery result. Finally, the analysis of collaborative and conflictive relationships indicated that the high rate of conflicting relationships regarding the Planning and Budget Organization is because of the low allocated budget to related organizations.
Conclusion
This study is conducted to analyze the structure of network relationships between the organizations interacting in the Rural Hadi Plan. The results demonstrate the mediocre or relatively low organizational cohesion, stability, and network balance that it can be improved with by increasing the level of relationships among periphery organizations. In other words, improving the relationships among the periphery organizations, rises the size and the density of the network and reduces the rate of centralization and thus enhancing enhances the level of organizational cohesion. Additionally, the centrality analysis determines the key actors (organizations) in 3 different sections of the Rural Hadi Plan (preparation, enactment, and implementation). The centrality analysis can help decision-makers to enact effective policies in order to increase the role of other organizations and effectively allocate the budget or additional resources.Extended Abstract
Introduction
As the 21st century continues to unfold, the rural developments, life quality, and tackling environmental issues have become a worldwide concern in rural areas. Currently, in Iran, rural settlements are dealing with a variety of problems; one among many is unorganized physical conditions. Thus, rural managers have prepared, enacted, and implemented some developing plans such as the Rural Hadi Plans. These plans are considered as interdisciplinary programs that engage various companies and organizations such as Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, Jihad Agriculture Organization, Rural Municipality, Department of Environment, etc. The complexity of this program emphasizes on demand for analyzing the relationships of among the abovementioned organizations in a more elaborated way, so as to help the managers to improve their relationships with other organizations and enhance their collaboration in order to reduce their possible conflicts. Hence, the principal aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between among the organizations related to the Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan.
Methodology
Considering the Islamroud village as the case study, in order to achieve the aim of this study, data was collected through library resources and documentary research. In addition, Social Network Analysis was applied as an effective method to evaluate organizational relationships. In this study, the network data was collected through a snowball sampling that it led to identify identification of 20 different organizations as focal organizations in Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan. In addition, some semi-structured interviews were conducted, and a specific questionnaire was designed based on the Likert scale (zero, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high) to report the intensity of relations. Besides, a part of the questionnaire investigated the collaborating and conflicting relationships that are filled by associated experts in 20 different organizations. Furthermore, UCINET and NETDRAW software were used to analyze the network measures and visualize the organizational relationships graph.
Results and Discussion
By analyzing network cohesion, the density of the whole network in communication relationships was %34.5, which is considered as the a low or relatively moderate amount. Also, the amount of in-degree centralization and out-degree centralization were %41.3 and %63.4, respectively. It means the lack of homogeneity and organizational cohesion in the network. Based on the results, more than half relationships were related to the core actors indicating their high political power. The amounts of reciprocity and transitivity were %57.8 and %52, respectively, indicating the existence of mediocre stability and balance in the network. Finally, the rate of average geodesic distances was 1.7, explaining the medium rate of communication speed in the organizational network, considering that the optimum amount is 1.5. There are some studies indicating the relation between network cohesion and the rate of plan/project progress. Therefore, based on the assumption, the rate of Islamroud Rural Hadi Plan progress during the defined period of time would be moderate or relatively low, and this statement is in consistency with the table of land uses from 2004 to 2016. Moreover, based on core/periphery result, many relations were connected to the core actors including Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, County Office, Rural Municipality, Islamic Rural Council, Jihad Agriculture Organization, and Rural Water and Wastewater Company in which the density of core network was %80.4. Also, the results of centrality measures including In-degree/Out-degree centrality, Betweenness centrality, Eigenvector centrality, and Beta centrality showed that Housing Foundation of Islamic Revolution, Provincial Government, Rural Municipality, County Office, Governorate, Islamic Rural Council, Rural Water and Wastewater Company, and Jihad Agriculture Organization were the key stakeholders in the network. These organizations play a pivotal role in the preparation, enactment, and implementation of Rural Hadi Plan, and these findings are close to the core/periphery result. Finally, the analysis of collaborative and conflictive relationships indicated that the high rate of conflicting relationships regarding the Planning and Budget Organization is because of the low allocated budget to related organizations.
Conclusion
This study is conducted to analyze the structure of network relationships between the organizations interacting in the Rural Hadi Plan. The results demonstrate the mediocre or relatively low organizational cohesion, stability, and network balance that it can be improved with by increasing the level of relationships among periphery organizations. In other words, improving the relationships among the periphery organizations, rises the size and the density of the network and reduces the rate of centralization and thus enhancing enhances the level of organizational cohesion. Additionally, the centrality analysis determines the key actors (organizations) in 3 different sections of the Rural Hadi Plan (preparation, enactment, and implementation). The centrality analysis can help decision-makers to enact effective policies in order to increase the role of other organizations and effectively allocate the budget or additional resources.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14671_13f3d8f0b1d534d2ce312263653c5594.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922The Impact of Currency value Changes on Spatial Developments of TehranThe Impact of Currency value Changes on Spatial Developments of Tehran13916814672FAVahidMoshfeghiInstructor, Department of Architecture and urban design, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.SamiraYousefianPh.D. Student, Department of urban planning and design, Trbiat Modares University, Tehran, IranJournal Article-Introduction: Cites are affected by different forces. Changing Changes in the structure of the economy has caused different reactions from different groups of government, markets and people, that can be traced by its appearance in the city. One of the aspects of the impact of the economy on the city is physical interventions and urban construction, such as urban land use Changes changes, space utilization intensity, building congestion, and urban boundaries change. This study aims to explain the effect of economy on physical changes of the city. The researchers seeks the trace of capital flow in the city. The Research questions are as follows: 1- How is Tehran's exchange rate and construction are related? 2. What is the nature and orientation of capital flow in the city? 3- How is the relationship between land price and physical interventions in 22 district of Tehran?
-Methodology: This is an applied research and is one of among the causal and relational studies. The documentary and library-based methods is are used to collect and interpret data. First, the relationship between the exchange rate and the tendency to build in the city is examined using the index of building permits. In the second step, the level of intervention in the city is examined. In the third step, the district and regional effects of land price on the number of building permits were investigated through the spatial correlation between land price and building permits.
The study area is 22 districts of Tehran. Tehran is the largest city and capital of Iran that has experienced rapid growth over the years. The area of Tehran has increased from 370 km 2-Introduction: Cites are affected by different forces. Changing Changes in the structure of the economy has caused different reactions from different groups of government, markets and people, that can be traced by its appearance in the city. One of the aspects of the impact of the economy on the city is physical interventions and urban construction, such as urban land use Changes changes, space utilization intensity, building congestion, and urban boundaries change. This study aims to explain the effect of economy on physical changes of the city. The researchers seeks the trace of capital flow in the city. The Research questions are as follows: 1- How is Tehran's exchange rate and construction are related? 2. What is the nature and orientation of capital flow in the city? 3- How is the relationship between land price and physical interventions in 22 district of Tehran?
-Methodology: This is an applied research and is one of among the causal and relational studies. The documentary and library-based methods is are used to collect and interpret data. First, the relationship between the exchange rate and the tendency to build in the city is examined using the index of building permits. In the second step, the level of intervention in the city is examined. In the third step, the district and regional effects of land price on the number of building permits were investigated through the spatial correlation between land price and building permits.
The study area is 22 districts of Tehran. Tehran is the largest city and capital of Iran that has experienced rapid growth over the years. The area of Tehran has increased from 370 km 2https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14672_eb844cbe61ad95e6462ee45f7c3d87ae.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Explaation of Sprrituality Relation with Improvement of Villagers Resiliency Regarding Earthquake Crisis, Case Study: Varzeghan CountyExplaation of Sprrituality Relation with Improvement of Villagers Resiliency Regarding Earthquake Crisis, Case Study: Varzeghan County17020014673FAVakilHeidari SarbanDepartment of Geography and Urban and Rural Planning, Faculty of Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranJournal ArticleIntroduction
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality has an important and individualized role in the overall well-being of a person, group, promotion of organization performance and human settlements such as urban and rural. The way in which spirituality is experienced is unique for each person. Those with higher reported levels of spirituality have experienced positive benefits including, positive outcomes for those who are in recovery from substance addiction, decrease of suicide in young adults, reduction of competitive anxiety and achievement of higher levels of self-confidence and positive psychological functioning protection from depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and enforcement of resiliency and struggle for decreasing of problems.
Spirituality is an inclusive term boundless of any religious orientation or denomination: It is viewed as a motivating trait that remains stable over time. It inspires people to seek positive interactions for the benefit of others. Essentially this means humans are aware of their own mortality and therefore they strive to create a sense of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment.
Spirituality has been associated with many positive outcomes. Overall, spirituality appears to provide a buffer to difficulty and increasing resiliency villagers versus of earthquake crisis resiliency of villagers on earthquake problems. Also, resiliency is defined in terms of the degree of psychopathology in a person who experienced negative life events. Fewer symptoms of psychopathology indicate higher levels of resilience.
According to what was said the author field studies in rural areas of Varzgan city indicate this fact today, [r11] in rural areas, material and worldly values have replaced the sublime, sublime sacred and spiritual values. As a result, the resilience of the villagers to the hardships and difficulties of life has declined sharply. This means that the vitality of life in rural areas has dropped sharply and self-confidence of the villagers has been weekend. And other villagers do not know how to resist and endure the difficulties and hardship of life. In addition, the weakness of spirituality in rural areas has made rural citizen less likely to rebuild their inner areas. Benevolence and otherness are gradually disappearing from their existence. They are not optimistic about the upcoming events and are not at peace with themselves. They are not much less to know the universe. [r12] They experience of noble life. Most lead a borrowed life. All of these components cause :first, spiritual values should be undermined in rural areas. The weakness of spirituality causes the amount of resiliency to decline was declined in the rural areas. Because it teaches spirituality teaches the art of living to human beings. Finally, the purpose of the present study was to explanation of spirituality in relation with improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County.
Methodology
The purpose of the present was was to explanation of relationship between spirituality relation with and improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all damaged villages of north Ozomdul Dehstan and households residing in this villages (N=398) among which 196 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.79-0.91)
Results and Discussion
The results of this beseech show that spirituality helps to promoting promotion of villagers’ resiliency versus on earthquake crisis. At Using this reason, moral humans create their personal virtually. Means, it means that if human apprehend the meaning, philosophy and purpose of their life. , the problems of life will be tolerated. Additionally, spirituality helps to in increasing of resiliency versus on difficulty difficulties such as earthquake and other natural disasters, because abstract human has behavioral stability. In addition, spiritual humans love apprehending the existence. However, contemplative human has a stability, self-candor, self-love and positive self- knowledge. Also, ideal human is an optimistic, self-comprehended, just-oriented, responsible, introversion introverted, truthful, benevolent and self-reliance. Again, spiritual human has a positive individuality, self-confidence, gaiety and tolerance. Eventually, all above cases help in to enforcement of resiliency versus on difficulties.
Conclusion
The results of research show that, there are significant relations between all variables of research, except variables of self-honesty, introversion, positive individuality and self-reliance with improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations are also presented. Since of occurrence of nature events, including earthquakes and other events, is are considered a natural events and probability of its their occurrence is probable at any time and place, therefore, it is recommended to that the villagers living in the studied area studied be informed. That The villagers of Varzeghan County consider the earthquake and its suffering and problems as a part of their lives so that they stand against it if it happens. In this regard, according to Nietzsche, instead of drinking beer on the plains, they should ease the pain of climbing mountains. According of to Nietzsche at this regard, in life the joys and sorrows of the twins are inseparable, it is also worthwhile to make arrangements that the flame of hope should not be extinguished in rural areas and among the villagers because otherwise, rural communities will succumb to the slightest unpleasant event. It is worthwhile to increase the level of psychological empowerment of villagers in case of crisis so that the villagers will not lose their morale and will be able to deal well with the earthquake disasters.Introduction
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality is acknowledged as an important part
of life by most individuals
Spirituality has an important and individualized role in the overall well-being of a person, group, promotion of organization performance and human settlements such as urban and rural. The way in which spirituality is experienced is unique for each person. Those with higher reported levels of spirituality have experienced positive benefits including, positive outcomes for those who are in recovery from substance addiction, decrease of suicide in young adults, reduction of competitive anxiety and achievement of higher levels of self-confidence and positive psychological functioning protection from depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation and enforcement of resiliency and struggle for decreasing of problems.
Spirituality is an inclusive term boundless of any religious orientation or denomination: It is viewed as a motivating trait that remains stable over time. It inspires people to seek positive interactions for the benefit of others. Essentially this means humans are aware of their own mortality and therefore they strive to create a sense of meaning, purpose, and fulfillment.
Spirituality has been associated with many positive outcomes. Overall, spirituality appears to provide a buffer to difficulty and increasing resiliency villagers versus of earthquake crisis resiliency of villagers on earthquake problems. Also, resiliency is defined in terms of the degree of psychopathology in a person who experienced negative life events. Fewer symptoms of psychopathology indicate higher levels of resilience.
According to what was said the author field studies in rural areas of Varzgan city indicate this fact today, [r11] in rural areas, material and worldly values have replaced the sublime, sublime sacred and spiritual values. As a result, the resilience of the villagers to the hardships and difficulties of life has declined sharply. This means that the vitality of life in rural areas has dropped sharply and self-confidence of the villagers has been weekend. And other villagers do not know how to resist and endure the difficulties and hardship of life. In addition, the weakness of spirituality in rural areas has made rural citizen less likely to rebuild their inner areas. Benevolence and otherness are gradually disappearing from their existence. They are not optimistic about the upcoming events and are not at peace with themselves. They are not much less to know the universe. [r12] They experience of noble life. Most lead a borrowed life. All of these components cause :first, spiritual values should be undermined in rural areas. The weakness of spirituality causes the amount of resiliency to decline was declined in the rural areas. Because it teaches spirituality teaches the art of living to human beings. Finally, the purpose of the present study was to explanation of spirituality in relation with improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County.
Methodology
The purpose of the present was was to explanation of relationship between spirituality relation with and improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. It can be said that studied population in this study consists of all damaged villages of north Ozomdul Dehstan and households residing in this villages (N=398) among which 196 persons were selected as statistical sample using Cochran formula. Sample size was determined based on the Cochran’s formula and the required data were collected through questionnaires. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and experts and its reliability was determined based on Cronbach's alpha (0.79-0.91)
Results and Discussion
The results of this beseech show that spirituality helps to promoting promotion of villagers’ resiliency versus on earthquake crisis. At Using this reason, moral humans create their personal virtually. Means, it means that if human apprehend the meaning, philosophy and purpose of their life. , the problems of life will be tolerated. Additionally, spirituality helps to in increasing of resiliency versus on difficulty difficulties such as earthquake and other natural disasters, because abstract human has behavioral stability. In addition, spiritual humans love apprehending the existence. However, contemplative human has a stability, self-candor, self-love and positive self- knowledge. Also, ideal human is an optimistic, self-comprehended, just-oriented, responsible, introversion introverted, truthful, benevolent and self-reliance. Again, spiritual human has a positive individuality, self-confidence, gaiety and tolerance. Eventually, all above cases help in to enforcement of resiliency versus on difficulties.
Conclusion
The results of research show that, there are significant relations between all variables of research, except variables of self-honesty, introversion, positive individuality and self-reliance with improvement of villager’s resiliency on earthquake crisis in the rural areas of Varzeghan County. Finally, according to the study results, a number of recommendations are also presented. Since of occurrence of nature events, including earthquakes and other events, is are considered a natural events and probability of its their occurrence is probable at any time and place, therefore, it is recommended to that the villagers living in the studied area studied be informed. That The villagers of Varzeghan County consider the earthquake and its suffering and problems as a part of their lives so that they stand against it if it happens. In this regard, according to Nietzsche, instead of drinking beer on the plains, they should ease the pain of climbing mountains. According of to Nietzsche at this regard, in life the joys and sorrows of the twins are inseparable, it is also worthwhile to make arrangements that the flame of hope should not be extinguished in rural areas and among the villagers because otherwise, rural communities will succumb to the slightest unpleasant event. It is worthwhile to increase the level of psychological empowerment of villagers in case of crisis so that the villagers will not lose their morale and will be able to deal well with the earthquake disasters.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14673_5f353180421dc744d4e204a6c0f330cd.pdfTarbiat Modares UniversityThe Journal of Spatial Planning and Geomatics1605-968924320200922Monitoring land use changes in Lake Urmia and its surroundings using various methods of statistical training theoryMonitoring land use changes in Lake Urmia and its surroundings using various methods of statistical training theory20122914674FAHosseinNazmfaruniversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.MonirShirzadUniversity of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IranJournal ArticleExtended abstract
Introduction
Land use is one of the most important biophysical and socio-economic characteristics in any watershed. The science of land change has recently been introduced as one of the fundamental components of global environmental change and sustainable development research. Monitoring land changes is important in future planning and natural resource management. Therefore, the need to detect such changes in an ecosystem is very important. Therefore, the need to detect such changes in an ecosystem is very important to take appropriate action if necessary. . Due to the fact that Lake Urmia is an important ecotourism center in Azerbaijan, with the drying up of the lake, Greater Azerbaijan and all the areas affected by this phenomenon will face a recession of domestic tourists. These factors, in turn, will lead to the migration of residents of the villages of this region to the surrounding cities and social problems in these cities. Its catchment area has been one of the water resources of this area[r11] . But the extent to which these changes, and especially the change in land use, have taken place, requires special study. In general, it is possible to study land use changes in both terrestrial and remote sensing methods. However, in recent decades, with the development of hardware and software facilities for processing satellite images, as well as the ease of access to multi-spectral and ultraviolet images, the use of remote sensing techniques to produce land use maps has become more common. The use of remote sensing technology has a special place in natural resource studies. Multi-time comparison, information updates, digital processing, data diversity, and data transfer speeds have made remote sensing the most important technology in detecting changes.
Methodology
The approach of the present study is developmental-applied and its descriptive-analytical method. According to the subject of the research and in line with the objectives defined in this research, satellite image with the specifications listed in Table (1) and the softwares of Google Earth, ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 have been used. To use satellite imagery to perform techniques, all images must have the same coordinates. Remote sensing techniques, especially those used to classify land use and detect changes, are usually monitored and analyzed based on similar pixels in multi-time images; Corrections, images are not properly geometrically and radiometrically corrected, research accuracy is reduced. Thus, the satellite images of 1989, 2000, 2016, and 2019 were returned to the image with an RMS error of 0.42 pixels, capturing 20 control points from the image surface to the image method. In geometric correction, the ground control points were tried to have a good distribution at the image level so that the mathematical model used to calculate the unknown coefficients in the equation would have less error. To convert the corrected image coordinates to the non-corrected image, a second-order function was used. . In this study, the numerical value reduction method of dark pixels for radiometric correction of images has been used. In this method, a constant value of the total value of the pixels in a given band is reduced to apply radiometric corrections to each satellite image. In the next step, the images were mosaic due to the location of the study area in two women (1368-348)[r12] . Then, using field visits and the global location apparatus, instructional samples for each use (lake, agriculture, salt marsh, other lands) were identified in the study area.
Results and discussion
In this study, three supervised classification methods (neural network, backup vector machine and maximum probability) have been used to extract land use maps. By comparing the accuracy of the classification obtained from the methods mentioned in Table (2), it was found that the classification method of the backing vector machine with a cap rate of 99.75% is more accurate than other methods. According to the results of both classification methods of machine vector support and neural network, precise methods for extracting land uses and in separating the phenomena that have close spectral behavior are very successful, especially support vector machine , which . Which was a bit successful.[r13]
Conclusion
In this study, first, images of measuring satellites (MSS-TM-OLI) were used and the map of Urmia Lake, lake landscaping and its surroundings were was extracted by applying supervised classification (support vector machine, neural network and maximum probability). . Comparison of image stratification methods showed that the support vector machine method has more classification accuracy than the other two methods due to its general accuracy and higher capability coefficient. The results also show that satellite imagery has a significant ability to extract land uses. Also, in order to investigate the trend of land use change, maps extracted from satellite imagery in 1989, 2000, 2016 and 2019 were compared. Examination of land use maps in the three mentioned periods showed significant changes in land cover. These changes include: Agricultural land use area has increased significantly from 1989 to 2019 due to the favorable area for agriculture and drilling wells. Numerous and the use of aquifers has been underground . Analysis of Landsat satellite images showed that significant fluctuations in the lake's water level have occurred over the years. So so that the water level changes of Urmia Lake from 1989 to 2016 have increased from 5348 to about 2705 square kilometers. However, from 2016 to 2019, due to heavy cross-sectional rains, it had an increase in water area of 1644 square kilometers. The images also show that the coastline, especially in the east and southeast of the study area, has a significant number of boys. From 1989 to 2000, the area of this land use increased by 378 square kilometers. Also, between 2000 and 2016, its area continued to rise and increased to 786 square kilometers. However, due to the increase in cross-sectional rainfall during 2016 to 2019, the water level of the lake has increased and some of the salt marshes have been submerged and the land use area of the salt marshes has decreased by 838 square kilometers.Extended abstract
Introduction
Land use is one of the most important biophysical and socio-economic characteristics in any watershed. The science of land change has recently been introduced as one of the fundamental components of global environmental change and sustainable development research. Monitoring land changes is important in future planning and natural resource management. Therefore, the need to detect such changes in an ecosystem is very important. Therefore, the need to detect such changes in an ecosystem is very important to take appropriate action if necessary. . Due to the fact that Lake Urmia is an important ecotourism center in Azerbaijan, with the drying up of the lake, Greater Azerbaijan and all the areas affected by this phenomenon will face a recession of domestic tourists. These factors, in turn, will lead to the migration of residents of the villages of this region to the surrounding cities and social problems in these cities. Its catchment area has been one of the water resources of this area[r11] . But the extent to which these changes, and especially the change in land use, have taken place, requires special study. In general, it is possible to study land use changes in both terrestrial and remote sensing methods. However, in recent decades, with the development of hardware and software facilities for processing satellite images, as well as the ease of access to multi-spectral and ultraviolet images, the use of remote sensing techniques to produce land use maps has become more common. The use of remote sensing technology has a special place in natural resource studies. Multi-time comparison, information updates, digital processing, data diversity, and data transfer speeds have made remote sensing the most important technology in detecting changes.
Methodology
The approach of the present study is developmental-applied and its descriptive-analytical method. According to the subject of the research and in line with the objectives defined in this research, satellite image with the specifications listed in Table (1) and the softwares of Google Earth, ENVI4.8, ArcGIS10.2 have been used. To use satellite imagery to perform techniques, all images must have the same coordinates. Remote sensing techniques, especially those used to classify land use and detect changes, are usually monitored and analyzed based on similar pixels in multi-time images; Corrections, images are not properly geometrically and radiometrically corrected, research accuracy is reduced. Thus, the satellite images of 1989, 2000, 2016, and 2019 were returned to the image with an RMS error of 0.42 pixels, capturing 20 control points from the image surface to the image method. In geometric correction, the ground control points were tried to have a good distribution at the image level so that the mathematical model used to calculate the unknown coefficients in the equation would have less error. To convert the corrected image coordinates to the non-corrected image, a second-order function was used. . In this study, the numerical value reduction method of dark pixels for radiometric correction of images has been used. In this method, a constant value of the total value of the pixels in a given band is reduced to apply radiometric corrections to each satellite image. In the next step, the images were mosaic due to the location of the study area in two women (1368-348)[r12] . Then, using field visits and the global location apparatus, instructional samples for each use (lake, agriculture, salt marsh, other lands) were identified in the study area.
Results and discussion
In this study, three supervised classification methods (neural network, backup vector machine and maximum probability) have been used to extract land use maps. By comparing the accuracy of the classification obtained from the methods mentioned in Table (2), it was found that the classification method of the backing vector machine with a cap rate of 99.75% is more accurate than other methods. According to the results of both classification methods of machine vector support and neural network, precise methods for extracting land uses and in separating the phenomena that have close spectral behavior are very successful, especially support vector machine , which . Which was a bit successful.[r13]
Conclusion
In this study, first, images of measuring satellites (MSS-TM-OLI) were used and the map of Urmia Lake, lake landscaping and its surroundings were was extracted by applying supervised classification (support vector machine, neural network and maximum probability). . Comparison of image stratification methods showed that the support vector machine method has more classification accuracy than the other two methods due to its general accuracy and higher capability coefficient. The results also show that satellite imagery has a significant ability to extract land uses. Also, in order to investigate the trend of land use change, maps extracted from satellite imagery in 1989, 2000, 2016 and 2019 were compared. Examination of land use maps in the three mentioned periods showed significant changes in land cover. These changes include: Agricultural land use area has increased significantly from 1989 to 2019 due to the favorable area for agriculture and drilling wells. Numerous and the use of aquifers has been underground . Analysis of Landsat satellite images showed that significant fluctuations in the lake's water level have occurred over the years. So so that the water level changes of Urmia Lake from 1989 to 2016 have increased from 5348 to about 2705 square kilometers. However, from 2016 to 2019, due to heavy cross-sectional rains, it had an increase in water area of 1644 square kilometers. The images also show that the coastline, especially in the east and southeast of the study area, has a significant number of boys. From 1989 to 2000, the area of this land use increased by 378 square kilometers. Also, between 2000 and 2016, its area continued to rise and increased to 786 square kilometers. However, due to the increase in cross-sectional rainfall during 2016 to 2019, the water level of the lake has increased and some of the salt marshes have been submerged and the land use area of the salt marshes has decreased by 838 square kilometers.https://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article_14674_8239a17531bc8edea4ad8a2ddfdbbe17.pdf