@article{ author = {Hejebrinobari, Alireaz and khanali, hamid and yilmaz, anil and MousaviKouhpar, Seyed Mehdi and hajizadebastani, karim}, title = {Analysis and Investigation of Effective Geographical and Socio-Cultural Variables on Formation and Development of Shahryeri}, abstract ={Introduction: Northwestern of Iran reveals different geographical appearances including plain, semi dry and mountainous regions. Geographically, east of northwestern of Iran is mountainous with montane valleys that highly attracted societies through history for potential sources and geographical variables. Arjaq Plain is among the most important montane valleys of east of north-west of Iran, of where settlements date to Chalcolithic period. It was only during recent decades that archaeologist considered the regions, while earlier researches and chronologies generally limited to two coasts of Lake Urmia and conclusions generalized to the whole region of northwestern Iran, especially during Iron Age. Methodology:  Data of research are consisted of archaeological and geographical ones. The geographical data are collected and analyzed following bibliographic, according geographical researches; while Archaeological data are collected following field works, according archaeological surveys and excavations. The main question of the research is effective cultural, environmental, and geographical variables in formation and development of Shahryeri site. Present research attempts to answer the question considering archaeological surveys and excavations and analysis relying on theories of landscape archaeology that is one of the most important attitudes in recognizing and interpreting behavioral patterns of ancient societies, considering expansion of surficial data. Landscape archaeology is a conceptual, interactional, processual, and interdisciplinary attitude that provide a framework at define patterns, and determining explainable and interpretable behavioral data. Considering landscape archaeology, time and space are significant in investigating archaeological data. Ecological theory of Kennethe F.watt used to study category of location. Kennethe F.watt enjoyed ecological variables of material, energy, space, time, and variation that effected formation, expansion, continuity, and destruction of settlement. He believed that if one could present interaction of these five variables, therefore, all ecological parts integrate in a single theoretical framework.   Results and discussion:  Shahryeri ancient site at Mshkin Shahr is among the most characteristic sites of northwestern of Iran that covers some 200 hectares on a promontory, 1.5 Km east of Pirazmian village at suburbs of Meshkin Shahr and Noqdi County. For the first time, it discovered following surveys of Charles Burney at 1978 at northwestern Iran, where introduced as Qaleh Arjaq. It was only at 1381 that it registered in National heritage list by no. 6162. There have been three seasons of archaeological excavations since 1382 to 1384 under Alireza Hozhabri Nobari. The site formed and firstly settled following Herding and semi pastoralism subsistence strategy during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. The most important architectural remains of the periods is an early temple that included an stone wall, mud mortar, mud brick, and monoliths that laid back to the wall. It is semicircular whereas the monoliths positioned in front of each other. There is a 4.5×3 m chamber at west with a platform. It appears it is an adjunct space to the temple that used as tribute chamber and altar. Three features indicate development at Middle Iron Age at Shahryeri including: Castle with fortifications: the enclosure covers about 35 hectares area. Length of the wall of castle is 522 m and it is about 0.16-2.5 m thick. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates in the wall, whereas the main gate is located at southernmost of lower city and another gate at east of lower city that is protected by huge walls and two towers. The gate is 5.5 m wide. There is a precipice at northwest of the castle that glorifies the castle and creates a natural enclosure at this part of the castle. Temple with anthropomorphic monolith: the temple covers about 2200 m with 7 corridors from 15 to 25 m length and 1 to 3 m width. There are some more than 500 anthropomorphic monoliths with 2.3 to 35 cm with different forms, while there are platforms as altar in front of each. Expansion of cemetery: there are two groups of burials at the cemetery of Shahryeri. The first group, which sums up to 278 burials, is scarce burials around the castle that spread within 5 km radius. The second group consists of a dense cemetery with 200 burials 5 km away from the castle. Distribution of the burials generally is at northwest of the castle and around the temple area and surrounding plains and valleys. There are traces of 5 towers and 4 gates along the wall, whereas main gate is at southernmost of the lower city and the other entrance is at eat of the lower city that protected by huge walls and two towers. The defensive wall constructed using huge rough stones, while they filled by smaller stones. The enclosure is 140-150 cm thick and reaches to 200 cm next to the entrance. Ecological potentials to settle societies that Kennethe F.watt classified assessed at landscape of Shahryeri at the phase of formation and development. Results of the formation phase indicate water, soil, availability of mines, weather, accessibility, location at connecting roads, plain and mountain pastures, and natural shelters to protect herds were among the most important factors to locate the landscape of Shahryeri by semi pastoral people of Late Bronze Age. Architectural remains from archaeological excavations, from the same period, affirmatively including pastoral settlements with an early structure of temple and few burials. The phase of development at Middle Iron Age, is coincided to accumulation of wealth following location at main road, flourish of Shahryeri's temple, and collection of tributes from different regions. Archaeological evidences of development of Sharyeri are a 534 m fortification and a temple, with expansion of cemetery to more than 10 hectares. Considering lack of residential area, it appears that people's lifestyle and subsistence strategy were semi pastoralism, whereas the vast cemetery indicates an increase of population across the landscape, however, they partially resided at the castle.  Conclusion:  Conclusions indicate that assembling of five factors of material, energy, space, time, and varieties of facilities at the site during Late Bronze Age are caused settlement of the site, whereas flourished at Middle Iron Age for location at main roads and accumulation of wealth in addition to former factors.  }, Keywords = {Shahryeri,Geographical variable,Ecological Variable,Cultural Variable.,}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-21}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16478-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16478-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Dadashpoor, Hashem and Rafieian, Mojtaba and Haqjou, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Necessity of Using "Rationality" in Urban Strategic Spatial Planning}, abstract ={  Introduction: “Rationality” is one of the most influencing epistemological frameworks in urban planning, though this concept is criticized and denied by post-modernist advocates. The critics believe that it is the “post-rationality” era in urban planning. Furthermore, the concept of rationality has become a negative concept as it has been taken synonymous with an uncompromising technical and professional superiority. According to critics, rationality ignores the other types of knowledge - such as subjective impressions, common sense, social and human values, intuitions and so on – and only justify positivism and value - free knowledge. These criticisms might be due to decreasing the concept of “rationality” to “instrumental rationality”, while there is a variety of concepts of rationality which are different from each other.  This article tries to focus on and develop the necessity and importance of the dialectical challenge amid theory and practice in urban planning. This is done by addressing the stereotypes about the concept and application of “rationality” in urban planning” and the doubts which have led to its denial through 1) clarifying more deeply the definition of the concept of rationality; 2) tracing its chronological and conceptual evolution; and 3) dissecting its influences upon the theories and approaches urban planning. The first two are exploratory- descriptive purposes and the third one is descriptive- analytical purpose of this article.   Methodology To achieve the mentioned purposes of this article, the theoretical, experimental, and technical frameworks which are related to the concept of “rationality” has been examined. This article is based on a descriptive-explanatory research and the related text data has been analyzed by the “chronological analysis” method within “qualitative approach” to address the questions of “why”, “how”, “where” and “when”. Furthermore, in this article “thematic analysis method” is being used to trace the themes or repeating pattern in the data sets to describe the research question. By recognition of important and critical events in chronological continuum of the related concepts of the research, this article does not focus on dialectical relationship between knowledge. The methods used to collect and analysis the data within suggested process in the article are included: a) data collection and processing: the data used in this article are secondary data and the method of collecting this data is document review which consist of related data in valid and reliable books and articles; b) data analysis: there is a dual path to analysis the data in this article. In exploratory- descriptive path, it has been traced the theories, concepts and global experiments related to the concept of rationality in urban spatial strategic planning. The output of this path is recognition of the criteria of rationality and irrationality. In descriptive- analytical path, in order to address the third question of the research, this article tries to propose a framework to connect the urban planning approach to different types of rationality to upgrade the actions and interactions of planning.   Results and Discussion The chronological evolution of rationality in planning and its effect on planning approach can be discussed within five periods: in the first period, rationality as a pure reason was seen in comprehensive planning. The focus of planning in this period was on “the best action” to achieve the goals set by the employers. It was assumed the needed resources for planning are unlimited and accessible and planners were a value – free technocrat. In the second period, rationality was still introduced as pure reason and the rational comprehensive planning focused on choosing “efficient action” to face the “planning problems”. The main assumption in this period was the existence of unlimited time and resources for problem finding. In the third period, the limitations of time and data resources in planning were been recognized by a planner. Two dominant approaches were identifiable in this period: a) the approaches based on “substantive rationality”: in these approaches, planner as savior tried to do “justly action” to address “plural values” in society. Therefore, while these approaches were concerned about the “ends” and being justly and fair, they were based on substantive rationality; and b) the approaches based on “formal or functional rationality”: the other planning approaches were interested in mutual consensus between the groups with opposite interest - without caring about the quality of the decisions made by these consensus. So, in these approaches the main actors of planning were interest group and not planners. Fourth period was the period of maturity of rationality concept in planning. In this period substantive and formal rationality were dominant concepts and the “communicating rationality” was introduced. The main purpose of the dominant approaches in this period was focusing on efficient, fair and justly and collective action to tolerate the less defeat and face the uncertainties. In the fifth period the communication rationality is the dominant in planning. The approaches based on this concept are concerned about interactions - not actions -. The main purpose of planning in this period is to achieve to not just a “consensus”, but a “consensus based on a mutual understanding”.   Conclusion The output of this article was a conceptual model in order to show the typology of rationality and their evolution; tracing their influence on urban planning approaches; and explaining the necessity of this concept in strategic spatial planning. Finally the deterrent of using rationality in urban strategic spatial planning could be introduced as: first) the absence of a legal prescribed agenda for the institution which are engaged in urban planning process; second) the epistemological, eclecticism, and political gaps in urban planning and the absence of an agreed definition of strategic spatial planning based of rational thinking; and third) negligence in adaptation underlying economic and political traditions, epistemological foundations and theories and approaches use in planning action and practice.}, Keywords = {Planning, urban planning, strategic spatial planning, rationality, instrumental rationality, communicative rationality}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {22-52}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14015-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14015-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Barghi, Hamid and Aslani, Bit}, title = {Determining the social capital role on the formation of villagers\' entrepreneurship contexts (case study: Sidan section of Marvdasht city)}, abstract ={Introduction Entrepreneurship term originates from the French word Enterprender meaning commitment. Entrepreneurship is a good strategy for fighting against poverty and maintaining wealth in low-income communities. The entrepreneurship importance is to the extent that economists consider entrepreneurs as the growth and economic development engine of the society. Entrepreneurship is considered as an essential element for the growth and productivity of rural areas. Ruralism is a dynamic source of entrepreneurship which forms both opportunities and constraints. The entrepreneurship role in rural economic development can be found in areas such as the villager’s access to required goods and services, rural economic growth, reducing the phenomenon of migration to cities,   encouraging new businesses creation and promoting social security level and welfare in the village. Rural entrepreneurship is one of the best strategies that can be effective in terms of rural monetizing, job creation and unemployment elimination, preventing immigration, improving the life quality and welfare level in rural community, creating a sense of competition and new businesses and preventing chaos and social unrests. Entrepreneurship development and survive in rural areas is due to factors such as social infrastructure development, doing research and development simultaneously, increasing human resources quality, improving the management quality, education and technology development. Meanwhile, one of the most important and fundamental factors is social capital, because it promotes creativity, innovative behaviors and increases entrepreneur’s thoughtful risk-taking. Social capital is a resource created in in business networks or within individual networks. These resources include information, thoughts, tips, business opportunities, financial capital, leverage, emotional support, good will, trust and collaboration. Methodology In terms of purpose, the present study is practical and in terms of the method, it is descriptive-analytic. In the research process, the theoretical foundation of entrepreneurship, social capital and literature review were studied first; and components, indexes and items have been determined accordingly based on the available information about the study region. The statistical population has been selected from three groups of occupation, agriculture, industry and services; and a sample size of 250 people was selected randomly between them. 72 individual in the industry, 124 in agriculture and 54 people work in the services field.   In the present study, the formal method has been used to increase the credit rating. For this purpose, the questionnaire was distributed to experts, specialists and professors. After the compilation and gathering their comments, the necessary reforms were made. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the research stability. The calculated alpha value is 0.791 which indicates that the number is desirable and the necessary accuracy for the structures stability is used in the questionnaire and the designed items to measure the indices have an internal correlation. In this research, factor analysis, Bartlett test, Pearson coefficient and regression analysis were used to analyze quantitative data. Findings and Discussion In order to measure the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship, we first examine the relationships between variables. Here, we use Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficients for analyzing according to the variables scale type. According to Pearson correlation coefficients and social capital and entrepreneurship significant levels in the studied population, a significant and positive relationship exists at 99% level. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and a significant relationship exists between social capital and entrepreneurship. Five factors with eigenvalues greater than 5.0 are extracted by using factor analysis technique in the main components method; the dimension variables affecting the rural entrepreneurs are packed based on the load factor after varimax rotation method. The five factors determined 64.12% of the total variance related to plan effects. In other words, 64% of the relationship between social capital and rural entrepreneurs is related to these factors from the perspective of rural entrepreneurs. Regression analysis and Fisher statistic have been used to consider the social capital prediction on rural entrepreneurship. Accordingly, the determination coefficient of 0.934 indicates that the independent variable explains 93% of dependent variable variations. Conclusion There is a positive and meaningful relation between rural entrepreneurship and social capital in examining the findings. People who have high social capital spends a little time protecting themselves from being exploited in economic interactions and monitoring the other’s performances; this makes more time for thinking, creativity, innovation and ultimately entrepreneurship. Any improvement in social capital and related factors leads to a betterment in entrepreneurship. The factor analysis of entrepreneurship shows that facilities availability with the highest loading factor has been the most effective factor in the entrepreneurship process; and participation in village development had the highest loading factor in social capital formation. In regression analysis, psychological characteristics have the most impact on rural entrepreneurship prediction.}, Keywords = {rural entrepreneurship, social capital, correlation coefficient, factor analysis, Sidan section}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {54-83}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14513-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14513-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Analysis of Iran spatial planning zoning pattern from post-Constitutional Revolution till present}, abstract ={Introduction and Problem statement: The life of the planning system in Iran, which is based on sectoral planning, lasts about six decades. The trend of sectorial planning, especially in the decades of the first establishment of the development planning system in the country, has been influenced by the world-wide viewpoints. Implementation of economic development programs based on a sectorial planning approach in Iran, leads to regional imbalances, marginalization of some regions, loss of regional resources and capabilities, and territorial inequalities. Surveying of the current state of the country shows that the centralization and overcoming of the sectorial planning approach has disturbed the development process of the country.   Theoretical and literature review: The underdevelopment of Iran has been accompanied by a degree of concentration that has reflected in the national planning system. Over the decades, the dominant planning approach was development with induction from above relying on high oil revenues. As a result, local communities have been recipients of development products in the form of the unbalanced, before they engage in the development process and acquire necessary social capacity for development. The center of Space Science is Geography and Location, Which itself includes other dimensions of space. This science deals with two dimensions of life and its needs, and claims that these two aspects are interrelated: 1) the dimension of nature, meaning, the relationship between societies and the environment, 2) and the spatial dimension, that is, the differences within and outside the living space (regional, societies), As well as spatial relationships between different types of society that are different from the regional perspective. The connection between two types of geography is that regional differences are essentially the result of different ways of social transformation in nature. Spatial planning is considered as a tool for creating solutions with the particular purpose of organizing geographical areas. Over the centuries, for the administration of the affairs of the country, Iran has been zoned with different intentions. In the past, zoning was largely a political, administrative or military aspect. This article tries to examine and evaluate zoning efforts in the last century, describe each zoning and indicate an overview of it. It is hoped to be the gateway to further research on zoning and spatial planning.In more than four decades of land-use studies in Iran, this approach of planning has undergone various changes in terms of both epistemology and methodology and evolved with respect to the internal and external requirements. The concept of zoning is not a new phenomenon; its history dates back to the 19th century. Different countries in the world deal with zoning with different principles and indicators at any level (macro and micro). Indicators that are generally common in the world are shown in Table 3. These indicators are used according to the zoning level. For example, indicators based on geographic or natural attributes are most often used for natural zoning under the control of environmental organizations. Also, zoning related to economics and competitiveness is used at urban and metropolitan levels. In general, indicators are divided into four main categories, including legal, political-security, socio-cultural, and geographic-communicational indicators.   Materials and methodology: If the zoning is to be accepted in the first and foremost purposes and in traditional ways, then the history of Iranian habitation and civilization should be linked to it in different times and for various purposes. For a long time, the great differences in the ecological characteristics of the regions, the scope of cultural-social realms and the vastness of the land have been pushing governors to apply more power and sustain it to land zoning. The division of the country into Satraps during the Achaemenid dynasty is a sign of the long tradition of this tradition and its historic continuity in the form of states and provinces is an indication of necessity in all periods.However, in the recent century, and especially over the past decades, the zoning has taken on new dimensions because of the complexity of the nature of relations and the necessity of systematizing it in the form of space. In this paper, the evolution of zoning studies in the last century has been reviewed and evaluated. At first, the status of the spatial planning of our country from the beginning to the present is mentioned briefly and a glimpse into the history of the spatial planning in some countries is made. Then, zoning in the post-Constitutional era is described, in which, the codified law of the Iranian system of planning appeared for the first time, and all the pre-revolutionary regions are explained. In the next step, the review and evaluation of the zoning from the post-revolutionary period to the present are conducted. For this purpose, the analytical-descriptive research and library browsing method has been utilized. In addition, using ArcGis software, all maps of this region are produced, and in the end, the challenges and defects of zoning in Iran are mentioned. Results and discussion: results and findings of the research show that over the centuries in Iran, zoning has been based on political issues with the aim of managing and collecting taxes, military issues, and etc. After the Constitutionalism, the divisions of the states and provinces have been conducted with the same purposes, however, the divisions are smaller in size, with regard to natural and human issues. Over time, with increasing population and increasing administrative problems and demands of the people, the political (administrative) divisions in the provinces, towns, districts and villages have become smaller and smaller. Since 1330s, especially from 1335 to 1357, non-political zoning have been established in Iran with the purpose of economic development. Their features are mainly: The purpose of these zonings was not to create new political and administrative divisions; The purpose of these zonings was the economic development of the regions with economic poles; The purpose of these zonings was more for material development of the regions; The purpose of these zonings was not to balance between the regions of the country; In these zonings, mainly people and human development and elimination of deprivation have not been important; The funding of these zonings has been based on oil revenue. The post-revolutionary zonings also have their own characteristics. A change in the divisions of the country was in order to better manage affairs and respond to new administrative needs and demands of the people. These divisions, which are a kind of zoning, have led to the creation of new administrative boundaries. Zonings were created to eliminate poverty and general development (eliminating human poverty and regional poverty). These zoning are not intended to provide new political and administrative division; but also in the same divisions, to the socioeconomic characteristics of the regions.The orientations of planning in each land are largely due to the views and thoughts of politicians and political thinkers of that land. Without realizing the ideologies behind these planning, one cannot properly analyze the various economic, social, and cultural issues of the land.}, Keywords = {Spatial planning, zoning, Iran, ArcGis software}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-123}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-25177-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-25177-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {RABBANI, taha and eftekhari, abdolreza roknaldin and meshkini, abolfazl and rafiyan, mojtab}, title = {Analysis of future sustainable development governance institutional obstacles of Tehran metropolis}, abstract ={Considering the pivotal importance of Tehran metropolis as capital of Iran, researchers have always criticized inadequate practices adopted for the management and governance of the capital. In all its various fields, management conducted by various institutions has led to disruption, lack of coordination and other problems in the status of this metropolis. For the future of Tehran’s metropolis, it will be difficult to move out of all these complexities and obstacles. Talking about the future requires a comprehensive and holistic approach, because governance structure in Tehran metropolis is hugely complicated with regard to all its various dimensions – economic, political, social and environmental – and interference on the part of numerous institutions and agents with diverse interests at different levels – spatial and functional, among others. Along with rapid unpredictable developments in the contemporary world, this complex situation makes it extremely difficult to make a decision about the future of governance in Tehran metropolis. Using a futuristic approach, the present study aims to identify and discuss the most challenging barriers affecting the future of Tehran metropolis. The present study is an exploratory analysis conducted via descriptive and analytical procedures. After studying the theoretical literature and explaining the theoretical framework, we conducted document reviews and content analyses in order to identify governance obstacles in Tehran metropolis. We used the Real Time Delphi (RTD) method to complete the list of barriers to the sustainable development of Tehran metropolis. Afterward, in order to identify the key barriers and conduct a systematic analysis of the barriers, we used the Cross Impact Balance Analysis process with the aim of investigating the relationships between the factors and the effects of the factors on one another, which is a method known as structural analysis in the literature on futures studies. Structural analysis is used to identify key variables (explicit or implicit) by collecting feedback from experts and stakeholders about the complex and unpredictable aspects of a system. This method is applicable for the qualitative analysis of highly variable systems. We used the Micmac software product for conducting a structural analysis. The results of this study indicate that, despite the emphasis in numerous articles (See Table in the Appendix) on the existence of functional divergence as the main obstacle to the governance of Tehran metropolis for achieving an appropriate management system and sustainable development (Akhundi and Dejgar, 2007; Kazemian and Mirabedini, 2011; Azizi et al, 2012; Sayami and Vakili, 2015; and Basirat et al, 2012), this factor was not listed among the 12 main factors based on the Cross Impact Balance Analysis process. The results of the relationship analysis show that functional divergence in its various dimensions is influenced by two factors: “the effect of government and government institutions on the legitimacy of Tehran metropolis’ management structure” and “a legal weakness in providing a clear definition of the relationships between institutions,” which highlights the importance of legal and political dimensions and the resulting issues. The main issue is that the change of either of these two essential factors is not in the legal sphere of the municipality. Higher levels of decision-making on the national level and, to a lesser extent, on the regional level, will have the power to make changes in these factors. Therefore, in order to achieve reforms and change the current situation, changes must be made to factors that can be modified as fast as possible and that can help overcome as many barriers as possible (factors in the two-part region of the graph). Based on the results, the key barriers to the governance and sustainable development of Tehran metropolis in the future can be divided into two categories. The first category includes factors that are relevant to the municipality, the city council and a set of urban management institutions in the metropolitan area and which can be corrected and eliminated through the current structure of Tehran metropolis. These factors include: 1. Lack of a shared vision and consensus among metropolitan agents, 2. Lack of expertise or not using expert workforce in appropriate organizational post, 3- A compartmental attitude and lack of a systemic attitude to the management of Tehran metropolis and 4. Lack of coherence in management and decision-making within the municipality. The second category of factors require macro-level changes and cannot be modified by Tehran municipality itself. In addition, considering the current situation, no major changes are possible. These factors include: 1. a highly politicized city council and urban management system, 2.The domination of government and government institutions over stakeholders and the public and 3. The effect of government and government institutions on the legitimacy of Tehran metropolis’ management structure.}, Keywords = {Governance, Tehran metropolis, sustainable urban governance, governance barriers, sustainable development }, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {124-153}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-15871-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-15871-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SojasiQeidari, Hamdollah and shayan, hamid and HosseiniKahnooj, Seyed Rez}, title = {Identifying Factors Affecting on Entrepreneurs Local Business Defeat by Fundamental Theory and Futuristic Approach}, abstract ={The purpose of this study is to answer the question of the factors affecting the failure of greenhouse business among failed local entrepreneurs in Jiroft villages, which is based on the theory of fundamental theory and Futuristic Approach. The view of these entrepreneurs who have experienced critical situations, general characteristics and their common personality characteristics is obtained. This research is a new study aimed at helping theoretical literature and preventing from business failures by categorizing relevant issues and registering characteristics and statements of failed entrepreneurs.  Lack of studies about business failure in Iran and significant differences in this area justify the originality and need for this study. Considering these reasons, the study of unsuccessful entrepreneurs and presentation of a framework and model based on it seems necessary. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer this key question, which are the most important factors affecting on ​​entrepreneurs failure in the rural greenhouse sector in Jiroft. Research method This research is combination of (quantitative and qualitative) that seeks to identify and investigate the factors affecting on bankrupt entrepreneurs, which first identify the most important factors by using the qualitative method. Then, using the futures research method and using MICMAC software, the effect of identified factors on the greenhouse business failure factor is obtained. The statistical population of this study is failed people including greenhouses owner in five rural areas of Jiroft in Kerman province (as the pole of greenhouse products in Iran). For this purpose, 35 samples were interviewed. Twenty-two of the interviewees were Turkish greenhouse owner, and 13 were experts of agricultural Jihad and professors. Findings According to the results, 90.2% of respondents were male, 73% were between the ages of 55-55 years old and 60.3% of them had literacy equivalent to a diploma. Also, about 38% of them had an area of land between 1 and 2 hectares, with an average of 10 to 50 million tooman per year. All respondents had experience in the greenhouse industry and failed in this regard. Regarding the funds provided, about 70% of them were using personal loans and borrowing from friends and relatives and the rest by using a loan from Government agencies and charities, including the Committee on Relief and Welfare Project.. Conclusion As it has been mentioned, loss and failure is a major part of human life. The failure provides a comprehensive database for individuals to learn to create flexible capacity in difficult times. Today, the rate of businesses failure in the agricultural sector in the Iran villages has grown substantially. With regard to issues such as climate change and water and land constraints, it is essential to adopt appropriate policies for setting up agricultural businesses. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting the failure of local entrepreneurs' businesses in rural areas of Jiroft using basic theory and futuristic approach to determine the most important factors affecting the failure of local and small entrepreneurs. Firstly, the key factors were identified in qualitative way around six key questions and using the basic theory method. Then, in order to realize the futuristic approach, using the Delphi method and in the form of the Mick-Mac software, the identified factors from the impact or impact dimension it was tested. The results of the futuristic approach showed that most of the key strategic and key factors are influential external factors such as the lack of information and communication, the existence of economic sanctions (high customs duties, high exchange rates, and economic sanctions), lack of :union: Trade leads to natural hazards.}, Keywords = {entrepreneurial failure,rural entrepreneurs,greenhouse businesses,Grounded Theory.}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {154-186}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16099-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16099-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Mohammad Mehdi and Zebardast, Esfandiar and Bornafar, Mahdi}, title = {Analysis of the factors and effects of village transformation to city on urban system in Guilan Province, Iran (1956-2016)}, abstract ={Introduction While various political, social and economic factors have changed in Iran during the last decades, the urbanization rate has risen from 28% in 1921 to 74% in 2016. In the last few decades, reclassification of villages to cities can be noticed as one of the most important dimensions of urbanization process in Iran. Among these, factors affecting on reclassification of rural settlements as cities and the impacts of this change on urban system and spatial organization of regions have attracted a lot of attention among researchers. Although the process of reclassification of villages as cities varied with the degrees of intensity and speed across the country, but this has been more important in some regions. One of these regions is Guilan province located in the north of Iran. The existence of susceptible agricultural lands, existence of the most important forestry areas of the country, aggregation of urban and rural settlements in this region are some factors that make this more important subject for wider researches. Accordingly, the questions that this article seeks to respond is, what is the most dominant process in reclassification villages as cities in Guilan and what impacts had on this region's urban system?  Reclassification of villages as city refers to factors and processes that lead to the recognition of a village as a city. There are three points of view in this regard. The first emphasizes on the transformation of villages to city as a natural process. In this view, the growth of population size of rural communities leads to a change in economic, social and physical dimensions. Economically, the natural process is the same as market process in which economic forces freely lead to the reshaping of human settlements. The second view emphasizes on the involvement of political agents on the reclassification of villages as cities. The recognition of urban and non-urban centers in countries is important for various administrative and political tasks, such as distribution of governmental credits, allocation of facilities and etc. Therefore, it is important for governments to determine relevant criteria for the reclassification of rural settlements as urban areas. However, the reclassification of villages as cities with natural or political interventions cannot always be a reasonable and acceptable process, because of necessities in regional development. It is sometimes necessary to strengthen rural settlements as an urban settlement; that is the third point. The roots of this view, backs to 1960s and 1970s, and emergence of new perspectives between various views of regional development, can be described as small towns approach.   Methodology This research can be considered as an inductive-deductive research. The method used in this research is a descriptive-evaluative method and data collection method is documentary. This paper tries to evaluate the status and processes associated with the reclassification of villages as cities in Guilan province in Iran. With the population more than 5,000 people has been assumed as the main criterion for natural changes. Political, centrality as an index for political intervention and introducing in development plans as a potential settlement for reclassifying as city was counted as planning factor.   Results and discussion The Guilan province in Iran is always considered as one of the agricultural hubs of the country and is divided into 16 counties. In the two censuses before the Islamic Revolution (excluding the 1956 census as the basis), nine cities were added to this region's urban system, where only one city (Rudbar) had less than 5,000 people. In addition, all of these cities had municipalities before being counted as cities. Therefore, it can be said that before the Islamic Revolution, the political process of recognition of a city has preceded from natural changes. After the Islamic Revolution, it was attempted to reconcile the identification of urban areas in the censuses and administrative system. Statistical surveys of cities based on criteria's that set out in the theoretical framework, reveals that 19 cities have been shaped from natural process and 24 cities have been shaped due to political interventions. Study of urban system of this region shows that most of new cities in Guilan province have less than 5,000 inhabitants. Urban Primacy Index reveals that since 1996, there has been a great concentration on Rasht as the primate city. Rank-size rule analysis indicates imbalance in urban hierarchy of this province. Therefore, it can be said that the emergence of low-population cities in this province influenced mainly by the government's policies and decisions, couldn't lead to an efficient change in urban hierarchy of this province.   Conclusion The results of this research show three basic issues on the Guilan province's urban system: 1) Dominance of Rasht as capital city, which according to the census of 2016, includes near of 42.4% of the province's urban population. 2) The absence of middle size cities in its true meaning, as consolidators of urban network, which has led to an urban bias between primate city and small cities. 3) Sharp increase in the reclassification of villages as cities over the last few decades, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The rapid rate of reclassification of villages as cities in recent decades, has caused these cities not to be able to provide a significant instance on the urban hierarchy. Therefore, the reclassification of villages as cities has not led to adjustment of urban system, and there is a need for some different strategies to reshaping spatial organization of this province. In this case, the middle-size cities development strategy can be considered as one of the efficient strategies.}, Keywords = {Reclassification of Village as City, Urban System, Urban hierarchy, Guilan Province, Iran.}, volume = {22}, Number = {1}, pages = {187-218}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14036-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14036-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Omidipoor, Mortez}, title = {Developing a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) with Spatial Planning Approach in Land Suitability Analysis}, abstract ={Due to the potentials and social, economic and environmental considerations land suitability analysis is the most important geographical issues in spatial planning plans. The lack of an integrated approach and the uncertainty in these problems has led the inherent conflicts associated with land suitability analysis. Currently, land suitability analysis in spatial planning plans is done without taking conflicts over land suitability during modeling.  The purpose of this study is development a spatial decision support system (SDSS) appropriate with spatial planning requirements in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad based on LUCIS model. The present study focuses on three major kinds of land uses include agriculture, natural resources and urban with an integrated vision.  The spatial model used in this research is (LUCIS). In this study, Demand and concerns of stakeholders will be operational with the development and deployment of a spatial decision support system (SDSS). In this context, multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) analysis will be used. The Result of this system is a spatial system that automatically performs land use modeling accordance with the views of decision-makers based on LUCIS model. Land use conflicts will be identified as well as in the present system.  }, Keywords = {Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS), Land Suitability, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, LUCIS, Spatial Planning}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-22}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-25201-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-25201-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Pakdaman, Mohammad Sadegh and Golshadi, Zeinab and Rezapour, Mehdi}, title = {Study of Satellite Side Look effect on efficient Source Parameter Identification in Zarand Feb-2005 Earthquake, Based on SAR Interferometry}, abstract ={  The 2005 Zarand earthquake occurred on February 22 at 02:25:26, according to local time in Kerman province in Iran. The main Shock measured 6.5 on moment magnitude scale. Finding causative fault properties and parameters of this earthquake to get reliable values is priority of most researchers. Earthquake source parameters serve as a noteworthy database for synthesizers in seismology and as an essential starting point for the applied theoreticians. Determination of source parameters could make feasible a new level of understanding in many seismological studies that can be used with reported earthquake locations simultaneously to demonstrate boundaries of tectonic plates. It can provide critical information for earthquake hazard assessment and for improved understanding of the earthquake process. Moving towards exact and precise determination of source parameters is essential to reduce uncertainty at other desired stages. The primary purpose of this study is to ameliorate estimation of source parameters and computer simulations of earthquakes, examine the effect of a two sets of rupture parameters on synthesized strong ground motion via forward modelling and checking that which set parameters can be used to predict very realistic source parameters confirmed with Finite fault method. Source parameters of the 2005 Zarand earthquake have already been computed using diverse studies, including seismicity, the earth’s surface deformation field, and rupture characteristics. Each of these studies proposes different mechanisms for this earthquake. Methodology Satellite SAR data can gather different information of fault’s physical and geometric situation, because of imagery of two different geometry (ascending and descending), that this lead to optimum extraction of any causative fault parameters. InSAR has become a commonly used technique to measure surface deformation. Measurements by the SAR satellites are made obliquely below the satellite during both ascending orbits (where observations are made from the west) and descending orbits (where observations are made from the east). Two pairs of ascending and descending ENVISAT/ASAR images are available to study the coseismic deformation field of the Zarand 2005 earthquake. We can reconstruct earthquake causative fault parameters using combination of SAR observations and elastic displacement modelling (Okada, 1985). (Feigl, 2002) demonstrated the principles of obtaining earthquake causative fault parameters through elastic displacement modelling using SAR observations. Though the source parameters are assumed completely unknown, we must set, for each parameters, a range of values between a lower and upper values. In fact, the basic premise for calculating source parameters of an earthquake using SAR observations in inversion processing will be some numbers with appropriate variation ranges. Strong ground motion data provides researchers with very important information about the simulation of ground motion, rupture processes of earthquakes and consequently source parameters of an earthquake. Finite-fault modeling is widely used for the prediction of ground motion near the epicenters of large earthquakes. In the stochastic model, a large fault is divided into N subfaults, and each subfault is considered as a point source. A random slip distribution is assumed by using a random number as the basis to assign a relative slip to each subfault. Ground motions due to subfaults are calculated by the stochastic point-source method and are summed with an appropriate delay time to produce the motion due to the whole rupture. We have used the extended earthquake fault simulation program EXSIM (Motazedian & Atkinson, 2005) to simulate ground motion. The study is based on data recorded by the Iranian Strong Motion Network which is run by the Building and Housing Research Center (BHRC). The data are recorded by three-component SSA-2 accelerometers with a threshold of 10 Gals at a sampling rate of 200 samples per second. This earthquake is recorded at the Zarand, Chatrud, Ravar, Horjand, Dasht-e-Khak, Davaran, Kerman1, Kerman2, Hinaman, Baghin, Tarz, Rafsanjan, Bardsir, Sirch, Kuhbanan, Shahr-e-Babak, Bayaz, Anar, Bahadoran, Bahabad, Pariz, Bafgh, Molla Esmaeil, Nayband, Mehriz, Cheshme Sabz, Saadat Abad and Darbehesht stations. In the next step, accelerograms simulation using estimated causative fault parameters in each satellite orbit is done, using stochastic finite fault method. Then results of both ascending and descending orbit are compared to observed values in each station. Results and discussion We use the maximum values recorded in each station and obtain results of simulated satellite data to final assessment. The results are demonstrated that the lowest difference in maximum values recorded in each orbit, belong to obtained results of satellite descending orbit data modelling with 5.36% accuracy in comparison to ascending orbit with 7.51% accuracy. Finally, the width, length, strike, dip, rake, depth, slip and coordinates of center causative fault of Zarand earthquake are 6.5 km, 15 km, 279 deg, 90 deg, 55 deg, 5 km, 2.9 m, 483333.4 easting and 3406437 northing, respectively. This procedure allows us to move forward from results with less accuracy to greater one for fault parameters. Conclusion The maximum absolute value of accelerograms is used for comparing between synthetic and observed peak ground acceleration in time series. We can say that estimated causative fault parameters for 2005 Zarand earthquake of descending orbit data is more accurate in comparison to ascending orbit data. Finally, we compare our results with Building and Housing Research Centre (BHRC) of Iran, Iranian Seismological Center(IGUT), USGS, IIEES, ISC, CMT catalogue, Talebian et al. (2006), Nicknam et al. (2007), Rouhollahi et al. (2012) reports. Our obtained depth is more similar to Talebian et al. (2006) report. The length of our fault is similar to Nicknam et al. (2007), Rouhollahi et al. (2012) reports. Our width of fault is differ from other studies. Our obtained strike is exactly similar to USGS one’s. Our dip and rake is differ from other studies. Our slip for Zarand causative fault is very similar to Rouhollahi et al. (2012) one’s.}, Keywords = {Zarand Earthquake, InSAR, Strong Ground Motion Simulation, Stochastic Finite Fault Method.}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {23-46}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14517-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-14517-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shakoori, Ali and Morsali, Edris}, title = {Investigating the effects of Climate and Environmental Factors on Promoting Water Productivity in Rural Communities}, abstract ={Introduction Climate and environmental factors are considered as the most important challenges in contemporary age. Current research shows that climate and environmental changes were not very important in the past, but today due to the expansion of their obvious outcomes (such as the drying of lakes, wetlands, rivers, etc.) are regarded as one of the important variables. They affect various aspects of rural life in general and different activities of agricultural sector in particular. The effect of these changes on Iran is more intense, beacuse country has a large disparity of rural communities, dry and semi-arid geographic location with an evaporation more than 3 times the global average, about 70% of its rainfall -equal to 293 billion cubic meters – which become out of reach through evaporation along with the disparity of time and place of precipitation. Hence, it is predicted that along with the warming and desertification of the region (Middle East), climate change will increase the pressure on Iran's water resources. Therefore, the awareness of such a situation for the whole society, especially for rural communities and the agricultural sector, which is naturally the largest user of water resources in the country, is highly significant. consequently needs an adoption of strategic insights and new strategies to prevent the past and current strategic neglect regarding water resources at the national level and regional or local level, such as rural communities. Methodology  The present study is conducted using combined survey method and technique in a variety of ways such as library studies, documentary surveys of state agencies, and interview with experts, Delphi technique and a researcher-made questionnaire is utilized to analyze the information. For this purpose, software as Excel, SPSS and Smart PLS software are used. The statistical population of the research includes senior managers and senior experts in executive agencies, professors in the field of related disciplines, including professors of irrigation and agricultural schools and research institutes, as well as a number of expert farmers throughout the country. Using Cochran's formula and applying correction coefficient and taking into account the margin of error, the estimated error revealed 0.08, and the level of significance appeared α = 5%. A sample size of 180 respondents is chosen through purposeful method for data collection. In order to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, content analysis method with a comprehensive general tool approach (according to the views of 40 experts) and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94 based on the results of a sample of 20 experts is used respectively. Result and discussion The results of the research indicate that, from the experts' point of view, the impact of climate indicators and environmental factors on promoting water productivity in rural communities is not alike. Considering the criterion of significance coefficients z, it is found that all coefficients are higher than the criterion 1.96 and therefore, all the coefficients are significant at the 95% confidence level. Given that all obtained coefficients are greater than 0.4, thus internal consistency is confirmed. By looking at the coefficients, among the 4 components identified, the component "quality of climatic and environmental factors" with the highest coefficient of 0.958 and the component "production pattern with climatic characteristics" with a coefficient of 0.883 have the least correlation with "climate and Environmental" respectively. Meanwhile, the index "Agricultural production amount (kg) to the current volume of flood in the country (cubic meter)" with the highest coefficient of 0.896 and the index "percentage of cultivar observation" with a coefficient of 0.683 have the least relation with the relevant component. Reliability and validity indices confirms internal consistency and validity of the model: Cronbach's alpha is higher than 0.8, composite reliability is about 0.9 and convergent validity is more than 0.5. Also, the result of the divergent validity analysis of the model have shown that all components are suitable for the relevant indexes. The criterion of communality values showing the quality of the measurement models is confirmed. Likewise, the fitting of the generalized structural equation model, which is 0.87, indicates the robustness of the model. Therefore, the evaluation and assessment of the criteria and structural model showed that all variables (indicators) and (hidden) components are suitable criteria for the research model and their relationship is significant and generally strong. Conclusion Regarding the results, it is observed that the "water use efficiency in water crop" index is more important in promoting rural water productivity. This suggests that the farmer can have more favorable conditions for increasing production if they have or access to water management and control. However, the same conditions are not available for use of surface water such as irrigation networks that are not equipped with volumetric instruments and are not available to rural users at the right time and right place. Therefore, given the significant impact (about 85.4%) of climate change and environmental factors on rural water resources, priority and investment to promote water productivity in rural communities to promote water productivity, as an important factor, should be considered by all strategic managers of the country at regional, and national levels. an attention should be paid to positive correlation between the components and climate indicators and environmental factors, in environmental and projection studies as well as operational planning of rural areas. Since the four indicators including "the quality of climatic and environmental factors", "proper use of precipitation" ,"reducing the consequences of natural events" and "production pattern with climatic features" are more closely related to "climate and environmental factors" respectively, and likewise the indicator "amount of agricultural production (kg) to the volume of current floods in the country (cube meter) has the highest coefficient, it is recommended that appropriate investment measures is developed to optimize the use of atmospheric rainfall and current flood events, such as water and sewerage plans and rainwater harvesting.}, Keywords = {climate change, environmental change, water efficiency, rural communities}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {47-73}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16781-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16781-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Saberifar, Rostam}, title = {Prioritizing the Needs and Expectations of Urban Tourists (Case Study, Mashhad City)}, abstract ={Introduction: The city of Mashhad, as one of the major tourist destinations of religious pilgrims in Iran and in the world, has experienced very worrying conditions in recent years, and not only the pilgrims entering into this city have turned into poor groups with low financial abilities, but the stay of all pilgrims, especially those who are highly financially well-off has also fallen dramatically. Although several activities have been undertaken by relevant organizations in this regard, the results have not been consistent with expectations. For this reason, it was necessary to determine what these activities were, how much they were coordinated with the existing requirements, and why the goals had not been fulfilled in the first place. In order to answer these questions and in view of the efficiency of the technique of expanding the qualitative function in extracting the needs and requirements of the product and providing customer satisfaction, the researcher in this study has tried to extract the requirements and demands of tourists entering Mashhad using this tool, after which the aim was to prioritize them and evaluate the activities carried out in the city. Accordingly, the present study is performed in order to identify and evaluate the needs and expectations of tourists in Mashhad City. Methodology: The research method is descriptive and statistical population included all tourists who have traveled to this city at least twice in the last 10 years. According to the inclusion criteria for entering the selected sample, the list of tourists entering the city of Mashhad during the study period is extracted from the police forces and the people who have at least two trips to Mashhad are identified after which their names are arranged based on the ravel time . After listing, the people with the highest number of trips to Mashhad are selected as the first members and the rest are randomly selected afterwards. The statistical sample size is estimated to be 200 participants based on Cochran formula, but it increased to more than 350 participants for more certainty, and finally 342 people entered the final analysis. Thirty specialists are involved in determining the infrastructure and facilities needed for tourism purposes. The data are collected using a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability are confirmed. Data are analyzed using the quality function deployment technique and one-sample T-test. Analytical hierarchy analysis (AHP) is used in determining the importance of needs and requirements. Conclusion and discussion: The results show that the quality of residential centers, security, low cost and cheapness, tolls and incomes, public acceptance, introduction and promotion, cultural facilities, handicrafts, support facilities, and scope and variety of activities are respectively in the first to tenth priority of needs and the expectations of customers based on specific features. Moreover, based on the results of single-sample T-test, and in response to the first question of the study, the most important demands and needs of customers from the product can be considered as follows: reasonable and low prices of services and facilities, quality of residential centers, introduction and promotion, public acceptance, supportive facilities, tolls and incomes, security, scope and variety of activities, handicrafts, and cultural facilities. In the next step, in order to answer the second question of the study, paired comparisons are used to determine the importance of customers' needs and demands. For this purpose, after distributing the paired comparison questionnaire, the data are collected and analyzed. Accordingly, the Inconsistency Ratio (IR) is calculated for the pairwise matrix equal to less than 0.1. Therefore, considering the compatibility method of the pair comparison matrix in the AHP method, it can be said that the Inconsistency Ratio of the paired comparisons has been achieved at an acceptable level. This indicates the accuracy of the results of the initial weights obtained by the AHP method for customer requirements. In order to build a quality house, after identifying the needs of customers and in order to answer the third question, it is necessary to determine the technical characteristics proportional to each requirement. To this end, after identifying customers' needs, a team of experts is formed and their views on each requirement and its relevance to the needs and requirements of customers were obtained. Finally, by summarizing comments and several meetings, 15 related technical characteristics are presented. After determining the technical characteristics of each of the requirements, in the next stage, the position of the provided product is determined in comparison with competitors' products (Isfahan and Shiraz). After the calculations and evaluation of competitors, in order to develop and improve the needs and requirements of customers, it is decided to use the results of this section in the next steps of the work. According to these calculations, prioritizing customers' needs is placed from the first to the tenth by relative priority index (for the quality of residential centers and the range and variety of activities respectively). In order to calculate the improvement ratio which is determined by the division of the column with the title of the program into the current status column, the program's target value is first determined to meet the customer's requirements, and in order to determine the program targeting values and the answer to the fourth question, the expert group is asked to set the target values to meet customers’ requirements. Based on the views of the above group, from the needs and technical requirements related to each of needs, public participation and promotion of tourism culture are ranked in the first priority while timing of travel and distribution of passengers throughout the year were ranked in the last priority. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the quality and diversity of residential centers, the existence of primary security, and the balanced price of the basic needs of tourists are in the first to third priority, and to meet these demands and expectations, attention to public participation and promotion of tourism culture in the city, the use of modern and efficient technology in providing necessary services and facilities, as well as control and supervision in the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of services, are the most important factors.}, Keywords = {tourism, quality, quality function deployment technique, technical features, customers' needs}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {75-93}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-13749-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-13749-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Meshkini, Abolfazl and Behnammorshedi, Hassan and BARGHAMADI, MOJTABA}, title = {Analyzing and spatial classification of daily tourism route of Tehran province based on tourism services and facilities}, abstract ={Introduction Tourism is one of the forces shaping today’s world. According to statistics, the largest global employment segment has been for tourism (10% of GDP). One out of every 11 jobs is a tourism related business and 29% of the services are related to this activity. In addition, according to the World Tourism Organization, the number of tourists will reach 1.8 billion by 2030. Indeed, due to its umbrella feature and socio-cultural empathy, tourism is an important tool in development of infrastructure, creating revenue for the host society and governments, and balancing regional development strategies. So development of this activity in Iran will provide good conditions for the development of it as a destination for international tourists. This is due to the existence of tourist attractions and, on the other hand, the satisfaction of them at a higher level than expected. Therefore, it can be said that providing optimal services for tourists is one of the main bases in Attraction and satisfaction of tourists.     For this purpose, the present study is conducted with the aim of analyzing and spatially leveling the tourism routes of Tehran province according to the tourism services and facilities. This study is trying to answer the question whether the spatial distribution of tourism services in the tourism areas of Tehran province is proportional to the pattern of distribution of tourist attractions of each rote, which is the interface between the tourist and the attractions? And In the case of absence of balance, problematic routes are identified and sought to eliminate or reduce them.   Research Methodology      Based on the purpose of the research, this research is appliedand according to the method and nature, is descriptive-analytic. According to the research objectives, the effective measures in tourism services are initially adapted from Farjisabokbar et al. (2014). then, according to the criteria, spatial data of the region level has been collected. Using the Fuller Hierarchy Model, the relevant criteria are weighed and then, using the ORESTE model, the corresponding rote are ranked and finally, the map of the leveling of tourism route in the province has been drawn up. It is worth to mention, all the daily public tourist routes of the province (as defined by the Cultural Heritage Organization) in accordance with the main route of the province has been Matched and selected. Therefore, this research does not have a statistical sample and its statistical society is according to the daily routes of the province's tourism, all of the main routes of the province of Tehran lead to tourist attractions.  Discussion     The purpose of this study is to measure the daily tourism of Tehran province, which is the relationship between tourists and attractions based on services and facilities. Therefore, in the first stage, criteria and research indicators are obtained, which is the most important part of the research process. It should be noted that the number of services and facilities located near each tourist route are considered. For this reason, for each route, one kilometer radius of Buffer is considered and because of better access and the need of tourists to this type of service, the number of services in this area has been identified. Also for the number of towns and villages as well as tourist attractions, Bufferis considered at a radius of 5 km;because cities and villages have the least amount of services in practice. After data collection, a matrix is formed that specifies the values of each of the indicators. The research results indicate that the tourist routes of the east and south-east of the province such as (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Sarbandan-Firouzkooh-Saraza), (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Sarbandan-Firouzkooh-Shahr Abad), (Tehran-Khosrowabad, Pardis-Mehrabad) are the origins of tourists entering and to the green areas of Damavand and Firoozkooh and from there to Tehran has the minimum required services for tourists. In addition, rote such as "Tehran-Rey-Varamin-Javadieh", which leads to the National Park of the Kavir considering the potential of these attractions in attracting tourists, has a minimum of facilities.  Conclusion      Tehran province has tourism attractions as well as infrastructure such as airport and strong transportation network, which has radially connected the whole country to the capital, ultimately, has somehow added to the importance of tourism in the city of Tehran. So that the vast majority of visitors and tourists on the international level are forced to visit and stay in Tehran. So, the routes providing access to these tourist attractions should have a minimum of quality services in their area. However, results indicate that most of the provinces have been deprived of this route. Routes of the northeast, east, and south east have longer distances which leads to boredom and fatigue of tourists. Hence, more attention should be paid to these routes to ensure the satisfaction of tourists. Therefore, after identifying this issue, a better management of tourists will be provided. by providing the right service, we must meet the most needs of this cortex and as well asthe routes with limitations in terms of services,and try to solve their problems.}, Keywords = {Tourism route, tourism services and facilities, tourism attraction, spatial classification, Tehran province}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-132}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16188-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16188-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alavi, sarideh and Eshghi, Ali}, title = {The assessment of security in urban public spaces (Case Study: Tehran city parks)}, abstract ={ Introduction Because of expansion of cities and increase in the population density, security is one of the basic human needs in urban life. In fact, feel safe in the city is one of the criteria for urban development, considered as a measure of the effectiveness in urban development programs, affects citizens' behaviors and dynamism of the city. Today is considered as one of the important indicator in the quality of urban life and will increase the comfort and welfare of citizens and accept the work, commitment and responsibility. In fact, since one of the most important criteria and factor in discussions related to social aspects of sustainable development is to encourage citizens to participate in urban spaces and to strengthen social interactions in these areas, it is necessary to identify and eliminate barriers to such presence. Security promotion methods have become one of the main priorities of urban professionals and theorists. Factors that eliminate urban security, threaten or reduce the security of the cities are many, and some urban spaces, especially public spaces, such as parks, are one of the main threats to urban security. These spaces are usually considered to be cozy and safe spaces for illegal and abusive activities. Therefore, leisure life is among the most important spheres of people's lives influenced by the feeling of security. Parks, as one of the most important urban uses, play a major role in the realization of leisure and recreational activities for citizens living in urban areas, and are visited by many people daily.    Methodology The method of this research is descriptive-analytic with a purposeful purpose. To evaluate the safety of the parks 24 indicators are used. The required data of the research are derived from the performance statistics and arrest of the Tehran Municipality Protection Unit at parks level, published in the statistical journal of Tehran. In order to determine the importance of each of the indicators, the network analysis model (ANP) and for analyzing the data, the Promethean model and the GIS software are used. In the first stage, after analyzing the data, parks are classified into five groups with high, moderate, low, very low security and lack of security. The output from this step is mapped in the GIS software environment. The second stage involves identifying the disruptive factors of security and distribution of factors in the level of parks in Tehran. In the final stage, using the Google Earth software, the position of the studied parks is determined and spotted on the map of Tehran. After creating the layer, the information is added to the layer descriptive information table. After preparing the layer using the interpolation model, estimates of the kernel density of the areas where the most insecurity factors occurred are identified and their distribution is identified on the map.    Results and discussion 24 indicators have been used to assess the security of parks in Tehran. The total safety margin in 2014 at 41 of the studied parks is 17883. The most common cause of insecurity is related to the issuance of a bill for communicating social security offenses with 11678 cases, arrests of addict 1490, the arrest of alcoholic beverages 984, seizure of motorcycles 787, rejection of bribes 771, seizure of vehicles 760, arresting conflicts 397, perpetrators of monkery crimes 269, arresting artillery and firearms 126, arresting the burglar with 114 Case and other factors are 498 cases. Except for the issuance of social security vehicle social security offenses, respectively, the factors mentioned above are 24, 16, 13, 13, 12, 8, 6, 4, 2, and 2 percent of the insecurity factors in the park. Conclusion According to the results of the studies carried out in the study based on the crimes that occurred in 2014 in 41 parks with regional performance in Tehran, Sahand, al-Ghadir, Sa'adat Abad, Misagh, Shafagh and 22 Bahman parks with a value of Phi between 300/0 to 600 / 0 with high security, Artists, Niavaran, Thesis, Meyad, Flight, Bahman, Shariati, Jamshidieh, Saee, Razi, Narges, Fadak, Basij, Darband, Ghaem, Koohsar, Knowledge, Mahdi and Darabad with a Phi value of 0 to 300/0 with Medium Security, Bahiar, Behsat, Mellat, Park City, Derek, Resort, Tulip, Persian Gulf and Nahjul Balaghah with values of Phi between 0 and 300/0-lower, Azadgan, Student, Provincial and police with Phi values between -0.300 and -0.600- Very low security And Lovazan, Chitgar, Sorkha Hessar, , are unprotected with a value of Phi of over 600/0. Sahand Park with the value of Phi is equal to 416/0 and Sorkheh Hesar Park with a value of Phi is 728/0. Sahand Park has the least amount of addict arrest, the arrest of Kharv and alcoholic beverages, the arrest of conflict and conflict, the arrest of social misconduct and fraud, and the rejection of bribes and acts of punishment. In front of Sorkheh Hesar Park, it has the most deplorable arrest, arresting a force mausoleum, suspecting a force majeur, arresting thugs, arresting CDs illegal sale. In the sequel, the GIS is used to show the most insecure areas, used to interpolate the kernel density. A map of the density of the entire crime occurred in the park. The results of the interpolation of the kernel density indicate that the parks in central parts of Tehran have moderate security the northern and southern parts have high security and parts of East and West of Tehran are unprotected. Also, according to the directional distribution map, the distribution side is the most insecure factors in the parks of Tehran in the east and west of Tehran.}, Keywords = {Security, Park, Tehran, V PROMETHEE, Kornel Density.}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {133-165}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-15332-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-15332-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Roknedineftekhari, Abdolreza and ramezannezhad, yaser}, title = {Analysis of the Communications Capacity of the Responsible Organizations for Coastal Tourism Destinations Case Study: Rural Destinations of Guilan Province}, abstract ={Introduction The origins of tourism in coastal areas go back to Roman times, when the first villas were constructed in the Southern part of the Apennine peninsula. In the centuries that followed, especially from the mid-18th century onwards, coastal tourism was generally related to the therapeutic properties of sea and sun. Sun, sea and sand have continued to provide the main ingredients for coastal tourism until today, especially in the second half of the 20th century, which was marked by the development of mass tourism (UNEP, 2009: 10). Coastal tourism is the sum of activities relating to the travel and stay over by people visiting the coastal zone. Tourist activities are considered coastal tourism activities when they are based on or utilize coastal or marine resources, either natural or manmade, or located within the coastal strip (TCMP, 2001:5). Tourism represents a cross-sectional occurrence, involving a wide range of involved parties (stakeholders) from almost every domain who have different and often contradictory interests and agendas. The decisions about tourism development should be balanced between the national and the local needs, the private sector and the state, the local communities, the communities of citizens, between the tourists and the mass media etc (Risteski et al, 2012: 376). Capacity is defined as the organizational and technical abilities, relationships and values that enable countries, organizations, groups, and individuals at any level of society to carry out functions and achieve their development objectives over time. Capacity refers not only to skills and knowledge but also to relationships, values and attitudes, and many others (emphasis added) (adapted from Morgan, 1998). Capacity has to do with collective ability, i.e. that combination of attributes that enables a system to perform, deliver value, establish relationships and to renew itself. Or put another way, the abilities that allow systems - individuals, groups, organizations, groups of organizations - to be able to do something with some sort of intention and with some sort of effectiveness and at some sort of scale over time. A focus on abilities or as we call them in this paper - capabilities - can help provide more operational and specific ways to deal with the broader concept of capacity (Morgan, 2006: 6). Gilan Province has about 300 km of beautiful coasts. Although the coasts of Guilan have beautiful perspectives and many tourists every year, but coastal tourism of Guilan has different problems in development process. Rural coastal tourism destinations have several problems such as; financial difficulties, lack of infrastructure and facilities, lack of lifeguards and also environmental problems. The aim of this study is Analysis of the communications capacity of the responsible organizations for coastal tourism destinations.     Methodology Communications in this study in terms of communication intra-organizational, inter­-organizational, private investors, NGOs, tourists and villagers is measured through questionnaires. One-sample t-test and ANOVA are used to analyze the data. The sample size is 22 people, including managers and experts of responsible organizations of coastal tourism destinations. The studied area is Guilan province. Its area is about 0.9 percent of the country's total area. Guilan province shares borders with Ardabil on the west, Mazandaran on the east, Zanjan on the south and the Caspian Sea.   Results and discussion There is a significant difference between the mean dimensions of communication capacity based on the coefficient F, which is 23.662 and its significance level (sig) is 0.000. Based on the results of the Tukey test, communications capacity is divided into three homogeneous subgroups. The first group consists of communication with NGOs, villagers and private sector investors, and their significance level is more than 0.05. The second group consists of inter-organizational communication and communication with the tourists, and in the third group, there is an intra-organizational communication, indicating that the average of intra-organizational communication is higher than other communications. The highest mean of communication is related to Gisom with (1.72) and the lowest mean is related to Darogarmahale whit (1.32). The mean of communications capacity of the responsible organizations is equal to (1. 51), which indicates communications capacity in organizations is low.   Conclusions If sustainable development is viewed to be a process rather than a goal, with a need for inter-organizational cooperation, it becomes critical to deal with the challenges presented by the need to integrate policy making and implementation. The concept of integration in the context of policy development and implementation refers to its operational integration within and between organizations, between various professions and interest groups, and with other stakeholders (Heslop, 2010: 6). It is commonly accepted that no one organization can be responsible for progressing sustainable development. Sustainable development requires, amongst other things, the capacity for collective action (Healey et al., 2002) as the impacts cross disciplinary, organizational, sectorial, geographical and even country boundaries (Lafferty, 2004). The results of this study indicate low communication capacity in the responsible organizations and the result is low development of coastal tourism destinations in Guilan province. In this regard, the organization needs communication to progressing organizational goals and success to achieve their. Because there are various organizations involved in the development of coastal tourism, if there is a communication capacity, these organizations can work for the coastal tourism development with each other also with other stakeholders, including tourists, private sector investors, the private sector and local communities, in order to better development of these destinations.}, Keywords = {Organization, Communications Capacity, Coastal Tourism, Village, Guilan.}, volume = {22}, Number = {2}, pages = {167-187}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16259-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16259-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {borna, rez}, title = {Statistical - Synoptic Study of Thunderstorms in Khuzestan Province}, abstract ={Introduction Thunderstorms are one of the most important atmospheric hazards that cause human casualties every year, destroying large amounts of agricultural products , construction and infrastructure. Due to the combination of Thunderstorms with rainstorms and its effective role in causing sudden floods, this phenomenon has always been the main focuse of researchers in agriculture and financial issues. Considering this matter, we have studied climatic conditions of Khuzestan province in order to investigate this phenomenon and its causes. It is necessary to determine days of the thunderstorm and its sequence in different months, seasons and years, so experts can identify the atmospheric patterns causing this occurrence. Also they can provide necessary strategies and preconditions to inform farmers, gardeners and officials. Therefore, the purpose of this researh is studing the Thunderstorms in Khuzestan Province using synoptic, mann - kendall and Sen indexes during the period of 2003-2013.                   Methodology In order to investigate the climatic phenomenon of Thunderstorm in Khuzestan province, information and statistics of 12 synoptic stations during the 10 year statistical period (2003-2013) are investigated. The statistics and data are collected and tested in order to extract a similar statistical period. The data are analyzed in Excel and thunderstorms dispersion map is developed in Khuzestan. The data of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province are investigated and spatial-temporal analysis of this climatic phenomenon is studied in the study area. during the statistical period changes in Thunderstorms days are studied based on non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen index. also geographical dispersion maps of trend type (incremental, constant and decreasing) associated with Thunderstorm are prepared in seasonal and annual scales, then synoptic maps are prepared and evaluated.   Results and Discussion In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing summer data, it is found that there is significant decreasing trend in the most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Sulayman stations using the Man-Kendall test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. In this series of data, the Mann-Kendall test and age index test at 95 and 99 confidence levels are significant. In the spring, the highest significant trend is observed in Dezful, Izeh, Ahvaz, Bostan and Omidieh stations. In the summer, the southern, central and western parts of the region have a significant decreasing trend. In the autumn, there is a significant increase in the whole region. In the winter, the southern and southeastern parts of the region have a steady trend. The spatial distribution of the annual trend of Thunderstorm days in Khuzestan province indicates a significant increase in most of stations. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. According to storm occurrence maps and analyzing of the maps, it can be seen that the occurrence of thunderstorms in Khuzestan province is generally frontier and is due to hot air flood from the Persian Gulf. in spite of the conditions for the tornado incident there has not been a twist in the region, due to the salinity of the Persian Gulf and a its small extent to provide enough moisture for the occurrence of this phenomenon.                           Conclusion In the spring data series, there is an increasing and decreasing trend in study stations. By analyzing of summer data, it was determined that using Mann-Kendall test, a significant decrease is observed in most stations except Dezful, Izeh and Masjed Soleiman stations. This trend is not observed with the age index test. The analysis of autumn and winter data also shows an increasing trend in all stations. According to the results of Mann-Kendall test on an annual scale, all of the stations have a significant incremental trend. At Abadan, Bandar Mahshahr and Hendijan stations there is a significant decrease, and there is a constant trend in Behbahan and Ramhormoz stations. Investigation of atmospheric patterns is shown that the cause of Thunderstorm phenomenon in the region is the result of strengthening and expansion of low pressure systems in the East of the Red Sea and Saudi Arabia. Therefore, cold airflow from the middle levels with high temperature changes in the upper and lower layers of the atmosphere causes instability and extreme climbing of the air, formation of cumulonimbus clouds, heavy falls of rainfall, lightning, hail and ... in selected periods in Khuzestan province.    }, Keywords = {Synoptic, Mann Kendall, Sen Index, Thunderstorm, Khuzestan Province.}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-25}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16524-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16524-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Malekpourasl, Behz}, title = {Analysis of impossibility of achieving to consensus in decision making process of planning through Lacanian\'s “the real” and Mouffe\'s “the political” concepts}, abstract ={Abstract:   The twentieth century obsession with communication, as Habermass described it, has been affected planning theory and practice. Communicative action as a new approach in planning theories in pursuit of critique of positivism dominance and quantitative approaches in planning in the last of 1970s and through this view that procedural planning theory should be oriented to social welfare goals, considered as a progress in procedural planning theory. Nonetheless, procedural planning theory also for sake of ignoring power relations and its mechanism in society from planning researchers has been criticized as a tool for facilitating the neoliberal ideology. Critics believe that the public in this kind of planning has been become to private sector partners for reproduction of capital and the real people- no part morass in society- excluded from this kind planning. The goal of this paper is to discover the unknown areas of collaborative planning with application of the beginning of politics concept as new formulation of real politics and approach for rediscovery of people. Exploring of casual relationship of research subject-collaborative planning and the application of the beginning concept for critiquing it- constitute the basic framework of paper and this matter shows explanatory nature of this paper. Also exploring unknown areas of collaborative planning represent the explorative essence. Independence of politics from government construct contingency characteristic of politics and social field. This fact results in reference to people politics energy which has not been revealed and this energy has solved in intra power groups and capital owners and prevents immanent movement. This article calls for a return to Lacanian perspective in contemporary communicative planning theory and analysis, but rather than traditional critique, it argues for a critique predicated on the psychoanalysis of Lacan and “The real concept. It signals right from that an intention to tamper with the familiar interpretation of planning theories to shake up current flow of theorization to allow other, more radical thoughts to be emerge. According to this approach, planners and policy-makers should be involved with conflicts and agonism more than consensus building. At that point in history, planning theory was dominated by systems that upheld rational approaches which gave planning processes priority over the possible results. Some like Mouffe and Laclau were among the chief detractors and critics of this approach who saw it as rooted in an apolitical basis. Lacan provides an explanation for this challenge based on his theorizing about human subjectivity— how we acquire the identifications that constitute ourselves as planners. The article will deploy Lacan’s explanatory power for understanding how the professional identities of planners and the central ideas constituting the planning discipline are interrelated. Particularly, Lacan’s theoretical model of the four discourses will be used to explore planning education and how aspiring planners acquire and internalize the discipline’s often-diffuse sets of traditions, beliefs, knowledges, and values. In this article, I will trace a reconfigurative path through the Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, picking out the hidden narrative that has instigated the contemporary reassertion of antagonism and conflict in planning. My intent is not to erase the historical discussion about consensus in planning decision making process but to open up and recompose the territory of the communicative planning through a critical reference to antagonism in planning.  As will be evident in this article, this reference and reassertion of conflict in planning theory and practice is an exercise in both deconstruction and reconstitution through Lacan and Mouffe viewpoints. It cannot be accomplished simply by appending spatial highlights to inherited planning theories perspectives and sitting back to watch them with logical convictions. The article argues that a Lacanian inspired phronetic model is particularly useful for understanding spatial planning and related urban policy discourses, for it provides insight as to how desire and resultant ideological fantasies shape our shared social reality and spaces of habitation in our globalized world. Why is it so difficult to define concisely the meaning of ‘planning’ and many of its dominant concepts—public interest, new urbanism, sustainability or smart growth—when deployed in formulating urban policy? Lacan’s discourse theory suggests an answer based on an understanding of our human subjectivity, a subjectivity that implicitly seeks to overlook contradiction and ambiguity in our desire to fulfill human aspirations for a harmonious and secure world. This article will use Lacanian theory to examine the beliefs of the planning profession, how they are shaped and then implemented in our urban environments. This article, maps out a new political approach in planning theory and practice that is deeply rooted in the real concept of Lacan and the political concept of Mouffe that applies equally well to critical planning theory and to decision making process. The fist fruit of this approach – and the first lessons of planning theory that embodies it – is the idea that planners can understand planning environment uncertainty, complexity and conflicts only by locating himself within antagonistic environment. This approach enables us to grasp real practice and theory and the relations of stakeholders in planning and decision-making process. I draw upon Lacan’s depiction of what is essentially a real imagination in planning to illustrate the logic of antagonism that help realization of planning decision making process.  }, Keywords = {consensus, antagonism, planning decision making process, the real, the politics. }, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {26-55}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16012-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16012-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {mohammadidehcheshmeh, moostafa and Firoozi, MohammadAli and SHanbehpour, Fereshteh}, title = {The spatial analysis of proximity in noisy land use from the acoustic comfort perspective, Ahvaz metropolis}, abstract ={Introduction Noise is an integral part of modern life and modern overnight. Our ancestors lived in a more quiet environments and exposed to the sounds were softer. The problems of the urban environment in terms of noise and discomfort for audio, mainly is related to two factors: ( A) density of more than production units, industry and services in cities, (b) the spatial distribution of business units in urban areas . The establishment of incompatible applications and business units nuisance and pollution in cities, especially in the vicinity of residential areas, the critical situation is caused by the transfer of land around cities is a suitable solution. However, Ahwaz, as a strategic city on a national scale, is faced with the low levels of acoustic comfort due to the: expansion of space, the establishment of heavy industries and workshops, crossing the national railroad through the urban fabric, the locating of its airport inside the city and etc… Of cities with a high number of sound pollutants and low levels of comfort is audio.   Methodology The dominant approach to this research is location analyze. According to the research literature and standards presented in Environmental Protection Organization, the land use in Ahwaz city and related data are provided. In local analysis, after identifying all noisy land uses, Noise pollution zoning is carried out in three steps including the noisy uses (step I) and local arteries (step II), and finally map acoustic comfort (step III) of the composition of the maps using Fuzzy Overlay analysis and operator SUM, for urban areas is obtained. The fuzzy membership functions, map algebra, fuzzy overlay have been used in the GIS to measure the neighborhoods of Euclidean distance tools. To determine the mean spatial proximity of land use in each area, the spatial analyzer application and also the fuzzy Delphi model are used for weighing the selected criteria. Results and discussion Noise pollution is one of the most important disturbing factors in modern life and work environments. The lack of acoustic comfort causes irreparable damage to the health of residents of the area. Therefore, regarding to the principles of proximity is necessary and, on the other hand, the proximity of urban utilities, especially the proximity of residential land use, can greatly reduce the amount of noise pollution and provide comfort for residents. On this base, the first dimension of analysis is the measuring urban noisy utilities. In this (first) dimension: The spatial analysis results in this study can be investigated in three dimensions: - The first dimension is to analyze the results at the level of urban regions. In this dimension, the sound comfort assessment map was prepared by region. The results show that the minimum level of observance of the principles of proximity in the city center and especially at the district (1 and 2) of region 1 and the district (1) of the seven region. In these district, incompatible and relatively incompatible land uses in the vicinity of the residential parts have caused the lack of adjacency and the loss of acoustic comfort for inhabitants. More ever the concentration of commercial activities with a sound level above 75 dB and workhouses with a sound level above 80 dB and the existence of a high pass audio network in the central area are caused the high levels of noise pollution in these areas. Because of the deployment of polluting land uses, the most noise pollution can be seen in the inner-city, and with the increase the distance from the center, we can see the reduces of the noise pollution. - The second dimension is the spatial analysis of proximity in the metropolitan Ahwaz with extraction of value from the GIS export maps. The results of the proximity analysis indicate that in district 2 with coefficient (0/857), district 5 with coefficient (0/792) and district 1 with the coefficient (0/639) of region 1, have more incompatible land use that cause the most noise pollution in these regions. - The third dimension is local analysis. Among the selected indicators effective in causing noise pollution, heavy industry, passenger terminals, intruder workshops, numerous repair shops, military-policing use and passage of highways and main roads, the most important polluting occupations They are Therefore, in order to increase of the acoustic comfort with.   Conclusion The findings have shown that the deployment of polluting uses and occupations in the vicinity of the residential user has led to the lack of adherence to the principles of neighborliness in urban use and the principle of comfort is not adhered to in the vicinity of urban use in the metropolis of Ahwaz. Therefore, in order to increase the neighboring factor of urban utilities in terms of sound comfort in the metropolis of Ahvaz, it is suggested:   - the development of green spaces in metropolitan areas of Ahvaz using two and six plant species suitable environmental conditions areas. - reforming network traffic engineering in order to avoid the heavy traffic and increase user and create facilities such as public parking in the area. - To prevent the construction of sound and non-residential spaces that are sensitive to noise along main or motorways, and vice versa, to emphasize the use of sensitive applications along access roads.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Proximity, Vocalizations User, spatial analysis, Acoustic comfort, Metropolis Ahvaz.}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {56-79}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16521-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16521-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {mooridosadat, pegah and Rokn-Al-DinEftekhari, Abdo-lRez}, title = {Evaluating Sustainable Agriculture Development with an Entrepreneurial Approach (Case Study: Khouzestan Province)}, abstract ={Introduction Sustainable agriculture is a multidimensional and complex system that deals with many challenges because of the modernization and economic-oriented policies. the most important sustainability challenges are Population growth and urbanization, changing consumption patterns, food health and security, unemployment, profitability, green markets and technologies, farmers' empowerment and environmental risks such as climate changes, water resources and land scarcity .Therefore, finding an efficient solution to integrating the economy and the environment play a crucial role in sustainability. Ecological modernization based on the capacity of innovation, technological changes, green growth, entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs is the key to the relationship. So, the multidimensional approach of entrepreneurship which called “Sustainable Entrepreneurship “has been emphasized as a strategic intervention. It is improved economic, environmental and social values simultaneously. Sustainable Entrepreneurship is the process of identifying, creating and evaluating sustainable businesses or improving existing businesses by using the sustainable innovation solutions. It is create sustainable opportunities by providing worthwhile goods and services for the economic, social and environmental goals of sustainable development. The policies and markets failure is the turning point in emerging these opportunities, and sustainable entrepreneur is a catalyst which links financial capital, human resources, and ideas etc. In this framework, sustainable agriculture is improved with an entrepreneurial approach which called entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture (ESA). It is accessible throughout the entrepreneurship progress in the process of developing agricultural sector within the framework of the sustainable development paradigm.  ESA is achieved through the entrepreneurship development in the agricultural sector within the framework of sustainable development In Iran, for more than two decades, sustainable development and entrepreneurship have been emphasized in macro and agriculture sector policy, and in the five-year social, cultural and economic development plans (from second plan to now- Currently the sixth development plan is being implemented). Therefore, some improvements toward sustainability are expected Although, agricultural sector of Iran and also Khuzestan province as one of the most noteworthy agricultural areas and  one of the pole of agronomy, are faced with many unsustainability issues such as poverty, unemployment, uneducated and unskilled farmers, traditional practices and thoughts, lack of investments, credits and insurance, the uncontrolled exploitation of external inputs, contamination of natural resources, waste abundance etc. Therefore, in order to determine the road map of policymaking toward sustainable agriculture, evaluating  the status of entrepreneurial sustainability of agricultural sector, and the gap between this and the desired situation is very important. The main purpose of this study is evaluating sustainable agriculture development with an entrepreneurial approach in Khuzestan province.   Methodology This is a survey and applied research. Document analysis and two types of questionnaire are used for data gathering. The first questionnaire related to find the proper indices to measuring ESA concept that is consist of 3 dimensions and 12 sub dimensions (elements). These include 6, 4, and 2 elements, respectively, in social (Justice and Equality; Decentralization and participation; Knowledge, culture and empowerment; Quality of Life; Research and Development(R & D); Institutional development), economic (Development of investment and infrastructure; Employment; Commerce and market; Productivity and profitability) and environmental (Conservation and restoration of natural resources; Natural resources and environment management) dimensions. It is answered by 13 experts who selected by purposive and snowball sampling methods. So 63 indices including 29, 22 and 12 respectively includes social, economic and environmental dimensions are approved to make the second type of questionnaire. It is about determining the current status of ESA. It has been answered by 495 Agronomists of Khouzestan province. The sample is selected by random and Probability Proportional sampling methods from three climatically homogeneous regions of Khouzestan province included Mediterranean, arid and semi- arid. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were confirmed by elites and Cronbach's alpha test. Descriptive analysis including frequency, mean and percentage, linear normalization method, ANOVA and Tukey test, Spline interpolation technic and SPSS ,Excel and GIS software used for data analyzing.   Results and discussion Descriptive results show that just 10.7 percent of samples are active in producing healthy products. Just one of them (1.9%) had attempted to certify his organic products. The use of sustainable agricultural technologies is the lowest thought 10 percent. Only two respondents (0.4%) did not use pesticides and fertilizers at all. The quality of life (normal score= 0.25), employment (0.24) and Conservation and restoration of natural resources (0.11) respectively, In the social, economic and environmental dimensions are in the best and R & D (0.00), Development of investment and infrastructure (0.08) and Natural resources and environment management (0.05) in the worst situation than other elements. In addition, the social (0.20) and economic (0.18) and also ESA (0.19) status of the semi-arid region is better than the dry (0.16) and Mediterranean (0.12) regions. There are the significant differences, at 1 percent error level, among the three dimensions and between arid and semi-arid with the Mediterranean. The integrated approach of this study is unique in Iran. So there is no similar study for comparison. However, the results matches with the findings of kouchaki et al. (2013) regarding the low level of agricultural sustainability and the studies of Nasrollahi et al. (2011) is in line with the unbalanced development of the cities of khouzestan. Conclusion The status of dimensions and elements of ESA in Khouzestan province and its regions indicates the heterogeneity of the degree of ESA development. This is against the principle of justice in sustainable development. Besides, Based on Prescott Allen's sustainability barometer, Human welfare status is better than ecosystem welfare. All over the status of the entrepreneurial sustainable agriculture of khouzestan province was bad and unacceptable or unsustainable. In this regard, the spatial analysis indicated the spatial imbalance of ESA dimensions and focusing development mainly in the northern and central regions of the province      }, Keywords = {Keywords: sustainable development, agriculture, entrepreneurship, evaluation, Khouzestan province, Iran.}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {80-111}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16197-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-16197-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {toulabinejad, mehrshad and Bazrafshan, Javad and ghanbari, Sirus}, title = {Spatial Analysis of Regional Indicators of Rural deprivation (Case study: Poledokhtar Township)}, abstract ={Introduction According to the World Bank (2016), more than 46% of the world's population (3.9 billion) live in rural areas. Predicted that by 2050 this number is reduced to 34%. The most important reason for this is rural migration to urban areas, seeking better quality of life, the existence of regional inequalities, and rural deprivation. Therefore, in order to prevent rural immigration and promote rural development, reducing deprivation and identifying its indicators as a principle for policy makers should be prioritized. These indicators are important for identifying the patterns of economic and social inequality in societies. For this reason, measures have been taken by countries to identify these indicators. The city of Poledokhtar is one of the areas with a rural population above the national average. The villages of this city are among the most deprived areas of Lorestan province. Barriers and limitations in quality of life, income sources, poor housing conditions, inadequate education, and lack of sanitation and social services for rural residents have led a large number of households to migrate from rural to urban areas to achieve better quality of life. On the other hand, it is necessary to identify the indices of deprivation in rural areas and present suitable solutions to it, implementation of deprivation and rural development programs, especially in the economic dimension and sustainable livelihood of rural households. Therefore, the present research attempts to analyze the regional deprivation indices in Poledokhtar. The research questions are: What are the most important indicators of rural deprivation in Poledokhtar? Which indicators (objective or subjective) can better assess rural deprivation? Moreover, what is the spatial pattern of the dimensions of rural deprivation in this region? Research Methodology Research and applied research as the "method", in the context of "cross" occurs. The data are collected in two ways: "documents" and "you know" is. Data collection has also been done in both "documentary" and "field". The statistical population of the research includes the village of Poldokhtar. Using Cochran formula, 400 households are selected randomly from a sample population. To identify the most important deprivation indices, unlimited exploratory uncertainty test (Johansson method) is used in Eviews software version 9. In this test, considering the special values (numerical value), identifying and exploring the most important indicators, they can be ranked. In order to evaluate the objective and subjective indices of deprivation, a one-sample t-test is used to examine the difference between rural areas in terms of deprivation indices of Post-Hoc Anova follow-up tests in Spss software version 22, and to provide a spatial pattern of the system Geographic Information (GIS) be used. Discussion and Findings To investigate the most important rural deprivation indices in the study area, an unlimited exploratory coherency test has been used. The findings of this test are shown that among the eighteen indicators considered to measure rural deprivation, eleven indicators are at a low level, and the villages in the region are in a disadvantaged position. Of these eleven indicators, three Index Income and savings (0.219), Ownership (0.120) and Housing (.114) related to economic deprivation, three Index Educational (0.147), Hygiene (0.127) and welfare Services (0.114) related to Social dimension, two Index of cultural infrastructure (0.120) and the rights of ethnicities and minorities (0.164) related to the political-cultural dimension and three Index Village environment (0.135), Street network (0.102) and Rural infrastructure (0.160) related to the Peripheral-physical dimension the deprivation has been. One-sample t-test is used in the context of the importance of the objective and subjective indices of rural deprivation. The findings show that the mean of objective indices is 4.08 and subjective indices are 3.52. The value of sig obtained for the dimensions is also not equal. Both are less than the alpha level of 0.05. This indicates the difference between objective and subjective indicators for assessing deprivation in the study area. Hence, it can be concluded that the respondents consider the importance of objective indicators to be more than mental indices. In rural areas where significant differences exist in the dimensions of deprivation. Discussion and conclusion For a number of reasons, rural areas require a careful look and analysis of rural development policies; first, the bulk of the world's population lives in villages. Second, rural areas contain almost all the necessary resources, such as food and energy resources for human life; Third: Urban and rural inequality and rural deprivation. One of the most important strategies for most countries to achieve development is the issue of eliminating rural deprivation. Considering the importance of this issue, this study also identifies important indicators of rural deprivation, analyzing its spatial pattern. The results showed that of the eighteen indicators, eleven indicators are located at the lower level and the villages of the region are deprived of these eleven indicators. Of these, three indicators of income and savings, property and housing related to the economic dimension, three indicators of education, health and welfare services related to the social dimension, two indicators of cultural infrastructure and the rights of ethnic groups related to the political-cultural dimension, and finally Three environmental indicators, road network and infrastructure have been related to environmental degradation. Spatial analysis of the villages of Poldokhtar in terms of deprivation dimensions showed that there is a significant difference between different villages. The degree of deprivation of villages has severity and weakness, and in order to reduce the deprivation, identification of regional indicators of deprivation must be provided for each region. It is therefore proposed to effectively overcome rural deprivation, rural communities need real support, not with plans, programs and political gestures. To reduce rural deprivation, long-term plans for agriculture and livestock should be devised, not by the program. In physical and symbolic terms, it is necessary to provide them with the facilities, not cash or tune their stomachs.  }, Keywords = {Rural deprivation, Regional inequality, Deprivation Indices, Poledokhtar Township}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {112-143}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-13325-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-13325-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {dayyani, leila and poortaheri, Mehdi and rokneddineftekhari, abdoreza and ahmadi, Hass}, title = {Ranking of Basic Elements for organizing of Rural Deteriorated Textures on Fringes of Metropolises Using ARAS Method (Case Study: Fringes of Tehran Metropolis)}, abstract ={Extended Abstract: Introduction Rural Deteriorated Texture (RDT) has lost its effectiveness in terms of form and content where the conceptualization of good rural form fosters movements, especially renovation (a part of the organization). This issue has been raised recently in the country, but many patterns are not proportional to reality, so intervention is needed to create a balance. Therefore, basic elements for organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures (meaning five basic elements of rural form) include: building type; infrastructure; land use; density and layout. In this regard, scientific appraisal has not yet been for basic elements ranking the rural deteriorated textures. On the other hand, the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method has been introduced as a one of the most ranking methods recently. Therefore, the present study seeks to identify the most important elements of the RDT ranking using ARAS.   Methodology The present research is based on library, documentary and field studies. This means that the most important indicators to identify basic elements for organizing (renovation) rural deteriorated textures were identified theoretically; and then, using questionnaires of 260 rural households and 15 local managers, 15 rural deteriorated textures on the fringes of Tehran metropolis were selected (using Kernel Density Estimation /KDE methods and GIS). Then ideas of fifteen elites and scientific experts (to 5 alternatives weighing) were analyzed. In this regard, firstly, the opinions of two groups of villagers (people and local managers) and scientific experts about the criteria (in order to emphasize planning with the people) was obtained using the Rank sum method and then ranked 5 alternatives (basic elements for organizing) was done using the ARAS method. In addition, SPSS and EXCEL were also used for further analysis.   Results and Discussion The results obtained from the ARAS method showed that the building element form is a priority for organizing (renovation) of rural deteriorated textures. That follows by arrangement; layout; infrastructure; land use and; density form. In fact, the building form in organizing the rural deteriorated textures on the Tehran metropolitan fringe is more important than other elements because the role it plays.   Conclusion The research findings indicate that the element- building form- is the most impotent compared to other elements for organizing rural deteriorated textures on the fringe of metropolises, using the ARAS method. However, the findings are not consistent with the results of other research and experiments, because researchers have not ranked the basic elements for organizing the rural deteriorated textures, which indicates the innovation of the present study. Since focusing on this leads us to a more accurate and desirable planning, researchers are encouraged to focus on this issue in the future research. However, the indexes of the element building form in the findings of this study are similar and consistent with other research and experience (directly or indirectly). In general, the Rural Deteriorated Texture (RDT) has lost its effectiveness in terms of form, with more attention to the building element than others. In other words, more emphasis on the building strength index can achieve a sustainable rural form. Of course, this is an important part of organizing the rural deteriorated textures that is necessary for its various platforms/ aspects, with the participation of locals/ villagers (as main actors) and relevant organizations and institutions (public, private, NGOs as facilitators), which should be taken into account by future researchers}, Keywords = {Keywords: Organizing, Form, Deteriorated Texture, Rural, ARAS.}, volume = {22}, Number = {3}, pages = {145-181}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-31431-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-31431-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taleai, Mohammad and Safarpour, Moen and Javadi, Ghasem}, title = {Potential Evaluation for Establishment of Solar Power Plants Using Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods: OWA and TOPSIS (case study: Qazvin-Iran)}, abstract ={With economic development and population growth, the global need for energy is increasing steadily. Fossil fuels are the most commonly used fuel in the world, but their resources are limited. Therefore, for sustainable development, the need to use renewable energy sources is felt more than ever. Solar energy recognized as the most important and most affordable one. In Iran, the availability of suitable climate and sunlight in many areas and seasons has provided a good basis for using this kind of energy. The purpose of this research is to utilize a MCDM approach for evaluating the potential of different regions in Qazvin province for the establishment of a solar power station. In this regard, several evaluation criteria were identified and their importance was determined by the AHP method and then their uncertainty is modeled using fuzzy theory. Then, a potential map was developed using OWA and TOPSIS methods. Finally, the result of utilizing AHP-OWA method is compared with AHP-TOPSIS. Comparison of the weights of indicators shows the weather factors as important ones. In addition, according to the research findings, the Takestan region was recognized as a good area for establishing a solar power plant. Based on previous studies, construction of a 100MW solar power station in this area has been confirmed. This means that the proposed method is acceptable to be used by decision-makers as an effective tool.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Solar Power Station, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), Spatial Multi-Criteria Decision Making (SMCDM).}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-27}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-19417-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-19417-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {masoumi, issa and tabrizi, nazanin and ramezanzadeh, mehdi}, title = {Feasibility of Developing Sport Tourism in Ardabil (Case Study: Alvares Ski Resort)ki Resort)}, abstract ={Winter sports tourism is a key economic factor in many mountainous regions worldwide. This type of tourism is considered to be one of the most important and profitable that has become more popular in recent years. Ski resorts in the present era have become one of the areas of tourism planning and management.In other words, this kind of tourism has helped create local businesses due to its many enthusiasts and has turned into a strategy for economic growth and development. Iran's Ardabil province is in a relatively good position in terms of winter sports and mineral waters attractions. The authorities need to use these potentials for developing winter sports.The aim of this study is to measure sports tourism developmentwith recreational complex and ski resort of Alvaras Sarein from the perspective of tourists. Methodology The statistical population of this study is sports and non-sports tourists who traveled to the area at least once, as well as tourism and sportsexperts in the province of Ardebil. Due to the limited statistical population, Morgan Table was used to determine the sample size. A total of 380 questionnaires were distributed in which 318 questionnaires were approved and were collected for analysis. The data collection method was library and a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to determine the validity of the questionnaire, the views of professors and experts in the field of tourism and sportswere taken. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. In order to analyze the data and research objectives, structural analysis equations for measuring variables were used in the smart pls software environment. In this research, effective variables for the development of sport tourism in the Alvares ski resort included infrastructure, environmental, sports factors and management factors, each of which includes a group of indices.   Results and Discussion The results of load factor analysis show that all of the indices are well explained by the research structure. Indices related to the use of modern technologies (0.809), the existence of clubs and provincial league (0.801), cultural programs and native festivals in sports events (0.818), variety of products and sports activities (0.838) and the presence of a guide and translator on site (0.814) have had the most explanatory power in the structure. Whereas distance indices from the airport (496/0), safety (511/0), signs and indications for guidance (561/0), locker room and storage and heating system (591/0), distance to the ski resort (527/0). Facilities and equipment intended for the disabled (0.508), wind speed in the region (0.551), natural landscapes (0.772), rivers and hot springs (0.483),the climate of the region (0.580), cleanliness from the point of view of waste accumulation (0.548), distance to centers (0.592), booths and commercial stores (0.881), vegetation and green spaces (536/0), the presence of sports shops (516/0), travel agency services (0/510), staff specialization and performance (0.566), the overall level of prices (0.7766) and security (0.445) have the least power of structural explanation. Also, the results of their path coefficient showed that there is a causal relationship between variables of the research. The intensity of this relationship between the infrastructure variable and the variable of sport tourism development (0.446) is more than other variables. T-value was used to measure the relationship between the variables. The results show that there is a significant relationship between infrastructure factors and the variable of sport tourism development at the 95% and 99% confidence level. The amount of the T-value between the two variables of sports factors and sport tourism development is (1.85), which shows that at 90% confidence level, there is a significant relationship between the two The amount of T-value between environmental factors and sport tourism development is (4.40), which shows a significant relationship between the two at 95% and 99% confidence level. Also, T-value between managerial factors and development of sport tourism is (3.74) which show a significant relationship at a confidence level of 95% and 99%, respectively.   Conclusion The results obtained through the analysis of structural equations show that all indicatorsmeasuring the variables well explained the research structure and the indices related to the use of new technologies (0.809), the existence of clubs and provincial league (0.801), cultural programs and festivals, the native sporting events (0.818), the variety of products and activities (0.838), and the presence of local guidance and translator (0.814) had the most explanatory power in the structure. The path coefficients of the research variables indicate a direct causal relationship between the variables of research and the intensity of this relationship between the infrastructure variable and the variable of sport tourism development (0.446) is more than other variables. The fitting of measurement, structural and general models also confirms the conceptual model of research.       }, Keywords = {Keywords: Feasibility, Sports Tourism, Alvares Ski Resort, Ardabil.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {28-54}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-23060-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-23060-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alian, Mehdi and Razavian, Mohamad Taghi and Esmaeilzadeh, Hassan and Fanni, Zohre and Farajirad, Kheder}, title = {The application of game theory to the analysis of actors in urban management}, abstract ={The game theory an interdependent decision-making theory in which, decision-makers have conflicting preferences and the outcome of their decisions cannot be determined by one party or actor alone. The roots of this theory is derive from the decision theory (Samsura, Van der Krabben, & Van Deemen, 2010: 565). However, there is a clear distinction i.e. the decision theory usually analyses decision-making processes from the one player’s point of view, while the game theory emphasizes its analysis through the interaction among many players. Since the game theory focuses on situations in which interactions and interdependency play a role, it can be seen as an extension of the decision theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 564). In other words, the game theory, or the so-called ‘‘interactive decision theory’’, is derived from the decision theory (Tan, Liu, Zhou, Jiao, & Tang, 2015: 17). The term ‘game theory’ stems from the resemblance of collective decision-making situations to well-known parlor games like chess, poker, and monopoly (Aumann, 1989). Because of its focus on conflicting preferences, the game theory is often defined as a theory of conflict. Aumann has even referred it as ‘Interaction Decision Theory’, since this accurately describes the content and focus of the theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 656). The game theory is a powerful tool in understanding the relationships that are made and broken in the course of competition and cooperation. It has been widely used in the fields of natural and social sciences, especially in economics after the 1920s, with the groundbreaking work of Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), which is considered as ‘‘the classic work upon which the modern-day game theory is based’’(Von Neumann & Morgenstern, 2007: 14). The increased interest in the game theory among social scientists is partly due to the fact that it can solve social problems through finding out optimal solutions in a conflict situation (Tan et al., 2015: 17). Since then, the game theory has been profoundly influencing other fields in natural sciences, such as biology, physics, and computer science, as well as social sciences, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, politics, and philosophy. The increased attention to this theory especially in social sciences is based on the idea that it can provide solid micro-foundations for the study of collective decision-making processes and structures and social change (Samsura et al., 2010: 565). Urban planning and, in particular, metropolitan and urban management is also one of the branches of social sciences in which the proposed theory is capable of playing a vital role. As such, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: How is the narrative of the game between actors of urban management field producing and reproducing? What are the most likely possible outcomes and remedies of the current situation?   Methodology The problem structuring methods, among new approaches to operations research, believe that the most important step in solving a problem is to identify it. As such, they try their best to investigate the problem by identifying various factors, revealing and hidden relationships between them, and avoiding simplicity and unrealization. Since the game theory is one of the most important of these methods, the present research applies it to introduce and describe the gaming in the field of metropolitan management. By completing the initial assumptions, analysis and determination of the stable status is done using the GMCR+ software.   Results and Discussion In the first step, people active in managing metropolitan areas are identified and categorized into four main groups: state-government institutions, public-government institutions, public institutions and private sector institutions. Thereafter, alternative metropolitan management actors are listed and finalized with initial reviews and their limitations. In real terms, all theoretical situations and conditions of games (i.e. 512 games) are not possible, and limitations make it to reduce the possible status. The final step in the field of game modeling is to determine priorities and possible preferences for each actor, for which, the prioritization of alternatives was used. The model analysis is based on the stability and balance of the actors. Based on the results of 24 statuses, 4 are equilibrium and 2 statuses are semi-stable.   Conclusion The results show that there are 24 statuses, 4 equilibrium statuses, and 2 semi-stable statuses among different mode of actions in the areas of metropolitan area management. Status 15 is considered as the most stable one. Based on Nash Equilibrium (R), General Metarationality (GMR), Symmetric Metarationality (SMR), Sequential Stability (SEQ), Limited-move Stability (LM), and Non- myopic Stability (NM) all actors are most beneficial. State-government actors with structural reforms, gradual changes and the necessity of reviewing laws and regulations, as well as recognizing the concept of metropolitan area with respect to political divisions of the country, can provide a structure and an effective state for managing metropolitan areas. Public-government actors can help improve the current state of affairs by facilitating and organizing structural reforms or setting up a regional metropolitan management council. This should be done by removing the weak horizontal interactions among stakeholders in metropolitan region and unhealthy competitions of cities and settlements located in the metropolitan region. People's institutions can also play an active role in managing metropolitan areas with their attempt to participate and influence the management. Furthermore, the principle of confidence as a link between social elements that makes social capital essential, and this can be achieved through decentralizing and distributing powers among all actors and stakeholders.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Metropolitan Regions, Management, Urban Management Actors, Game Theory, Graph Model.aph model.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {55-85}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-20805-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-20805-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Bouzarjomehri, khadijeh and Jahantigh, Hassanali and Masoumi, Mehdi}, title = {Identifying Marketing Limitations to Rural Organic Products (Case Study: Villages around Lake Hamoon, Sistan)}, abstract ={Introduction Organic products play an important role in the health of the people as well as in improving the livelihood of rural households. An example of this can be seen around Hamoon Lake in the Sistan region. Located in desert areas of Iran, this region, apart from drying lake water, has been witnessing serious crisis with major impact on agricultural and livelihood of the people. However, the locals, based on their limited knowledge, have been able to turn this dilemma into opportunity and have the best use of the lake's waterless land. Each year, a large area there is devoted to the organic production of melon, which is unique not only in Iran but perhaps in the world. However, these rural farmers seem to be confronting with limitation on the sale and marketing of their products. Accordingly, it is necessary to carry out an investigation into the identification of marketing restrictions for the organic product of the lake.   Materials and Methods The present study applies a descriptive-survey method to reach its target. Apart from library and documentary studies, a field research and surveys (through questionnaire and interviews) were done to collect the data. The statistical population consists of 12 villages with agricultural activities around Lake Hamoon. To analyze, one-sample T-test was done with SPSS software, Fuzzy Hierarchy Analysis (FAHP), Gray Grade Analytical Method (GRA). The FAHP SOLVER 2014 software was used to perform paired comparisons, hierarchy, and weights calculation in the fuzzy hierarchy process.   Results and Discussion In Sistan, farmers have long been relying on their local knowledge for organic cultivation around Lake Hamoon. In this type of cultivation, they not only avoid using toxic materials, fertilizer, and even irrigation, but production costs are very low as well. In the process, the farmers dig   cultivating the dry bed of Hamoon (15 -50cm), then sow seeds in the bottom of the pit and feed them with muddy lake. Despite its numerous benefits, there are constraints for marketing and sales of this product. Accordingly, a research on identifying and prioritizing those constraints was essential. A range of indices and components related to the constraints were identified. Some of the marketing limitations of this product were found to be policy, infrastructure and technical. Based on the results of a single sample T test, there were policy barrier with an average (3.35%) as the most important factor followed by the infrastructural barrier (with an average 3.8%). The technical (with an average 2.60%) is considered to be the least important limitation of marketing. Bachelor's Questionnaire showed the similar results. Based on the analytic hierarchy, policy barrier with a coefficient of 0.51%, infrastructural barrier with a coefficient of 0.40%, and technical barrier with a coefficient of 0.9%, ranked first, second and third, respectively.   Conclusion The outcome of the study shows that factors such as the presence of intermediaries and brokers, gap between farm and market prices, lack of government support for organic production, lack of capital for product promotion, lack of storage facilities and product corruption, and failure to identify target livelihoods were the basic constraints on marketing of organic product from Lake Hamoon. It calls for the government and the authorities responsible for rural development and agriculture in the region, to address those constraints in order to expand and help farmers produce more organic melon.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Marketing Limitations, Organic Products, Cultivation, Melon, Lake Hamoon.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {86-112}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-20814-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-20814-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {mohammadzade, Fateme and Ekhtesasi, Mohammad reza and Hosseini, Seyyed ZeialAbedi}, title = {A Review to Determine the Most Suitable Areas for Drinking Water (Case Study: Bajestan, Khorasan Razavi Province)}, abstract ={Introduction Water is a limited natural resource but essential for human survival. Among the water resources, groundwater is considered valuable for a variety of human activities. In the watershed Bajestan plain, the exploitation of drinking water is mostly done by wells especially due to the depth of water level. The purpose of this study is to unfold the qualitative parameter of ground drinking water in the Bajestan Plain based on Standard Classifications by Schoeller and prepare drinking water quality maps and then adjust the groundwater quality in terms of parameters affecting the quality of drinking water. Also determining the most appropriate points based on locally available information is another attempt of the study.   Methodology In the present study, the measured parameters related to the Bajestan plain were obtained from the regional water company of Khorasan Razavi and the initial classification was carried out on them. Accordingly, 76 wells and the groundwater quality data were selected with a relatively complete statistic during the 2004-2011 periods. In order to evaluate the quality of drinking water, the parameters of sulfate, sodium, chloride, TDS and TH were extracted from the wells. Finally, qualitative changes to groundwater were investigated based on a 4-year period and appropriate points were noted down. In the next stage, the quality changes to drinking water were investigated in two 4-year periods and finally suitable drinking water areas were determined based on the passive defense technique and TDS.   Results and Discussion The results showed that the best interpolation method for water quality parameters was the Statistical Estimator (IDW). In the Bajestan plain, 26.5% of the region was in inappropriate class, 66% had an unpleasant quality and only 7% of the region had a moderate drinking quality located in the mountain range of the study area. At the end, suitable places for drinking were determined. In other words, these are water harvesting sites for agriculture but suggested that those wells be sealed and be used in case of drinking water emergencies.   Conclusion The extent of these classes indicates the low water quality in the region. As geological maps indicate, some places adjacent to the Cretaceous limestone, have moderate water quality while the plain area has inadequate quality water. Further, in the area adjacent to Playa, there is completely unpleasant quality of drinking water. According to reports from the Water Authority, drinking water provided to the region is mountainous and medium in quality. Also, the results of the qualitative timeliness of these resources indicate that the quality of groundwater resources is increasing with parameters reduction and hence; based on the amount of TDS allowed for drinking water, agricultural wells should be sealed and protected in some areas in order to be used in emergency.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Drinking Water, Quality Parameters, Zoning, Schoeller, Passive Defense.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {113-139}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-21243-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-21243-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Daviran, smaeil and ghayebloo, sim}, title = {Quality Assessment of Safety Sustainability in Urban Parks (Case Study: District and Zonal Parks in Rasht City)}, abstract ={Introduction These days, more than half of our planet's population lives in cities. Since the last century, the urbanization has grown rapidly, with an annual growth rate of 3.5% (Pacion, 2009). The predictions show a 60% increase by 2030 (Khan, 2007: 2). This rapid growth, however, has encountered many cities with problems in recent decades and stoked urgency for improving the environment quality in different dimensions. Public spaces which are providing services, welfare and recreational facilities have a significant effect on environment quality and the promotion of urban sustainability level. One of the main sections of these public spaces is parks. They are one of the key elements of sustainable urban development, which is also called natural tranquil atmosphere. These spaces play an important role in reducing the stress of citizens, improving their mental health and providing a favorable environment for breathing (Balram, 2005: 148). The safety quality of parks is very important because of its significant impact on different dimensions of living quality and social sustainability. In fact, these provide spaces for sports and recreation activities for children and adults. Therefore, upgrading their security is really crucial. Some criteria which determine the safety level of urban parks are the safety of sports facilities and floor surfaces and the status of lighting system, emergency facilities, security and space visibility. All these criteria have their own different sub-criterion.  Methodology The research method used here is descriptive-analytical one. All samples on district and zonal functions of parks are gathered from 7 parks with a total area of ​​more than 2 hectares spread across Rasht city (see Fig. 1). This study considers 9 criteria and 30 sub-criteria based on the results of theoretical studies and those used in other studies, which show explicitly the safety state of the parks. All criteria and sub-criteria are arranged based on the Likert spectrum questionnaire as well as face-to-face interviews. The data are analyzed by statistical analysis of mean, variance and mean difference (T-test) using SPSS software. Fig1: The location of parks in Rasht city Results and Discussion The analysis of results indicates that the City Park in Rasht, with an average desirability equal to 3.90, is the best one whereas some such as Mellat, Sabzeh Meidan and Tohid with the average desirability equal to 2.90 are the worst with regard to the safety quality criteria. The comparative studies of parks with playing spaces for children and sport spaces for adults indicate that the City Park and Sabzeh Meidan parks are the highest desirable and the lowest desirable ones, respectively. The results also show that Daneshjoo and Shahr Parks with averages of 4.2 and 1 have the highest and the lowest desirability considering the safety criteria for children. Regarding the safety state of facilities, the value of desirability for Sabzeh Meidan and City Park and for Mellat and Keshavarz parks are obtained 4.25 and 3, respectively. The safety state of playing facilities in Daneshjoo and Sabzeh Meidan are obtained equal to 4.6 and 1, respectively. Considering the safety state of floor surfaces, Daneshjoo and Sabzeh Meidan parks and Keshavarz Park have the average desirability values equal to 5 and 2, respectively. Analyzing the status of lighting system showed that Giyah Shenasi Park has the highest quality value equal to 4 and Mellat Park with the value of 2.5 has the lowest quality value. Regarding emergency facilities, Sabzeh Meidan Park and Giyah Shenasi Park have the desirability values of 4.67 and 1.7, respectively. Giyah Shenasi and Mellat parks regarding the security level have the values of 4 and 1, respectively. Finally, the highest and lowest values of desirability for Tohid and Giyah Shenasi parks are obtained 5 and 2, respectively (see Table 1).         Table 1: Status of criteria studied in the parks criteria       Park The location of playing or sport spaces (Q1) The safety states of spaces (Q2) The safety state of park facilities (Q3) The safety state of playing or sport facilities (Q4) The safety state of floor surface (Q5) Lighting system status Q6 The status of emergency facilities Q7 The state of security (Q8) The status of space visibility Q9 Mean Daneshjoo 3.75 4.20 3.75 4.60 5.00 2.75 3.00 2.00 2.67 3.70 Sabzeh Meydan 1.00 1.00 4.25 1.00 5.00 3.75 4.67 1.00 3.33 2.90 Mellat 3.00 4.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 2.50 3.00 1.00 2.33 2.90 Keshavarz 3.50 3.80 3.00 3.60 2.00 2.75 3.33 1.67 3.67 3.00 Shahr 5.00 4.20 4.25 4.40 5.00 3.75 4.67 1.00 3.00 3.90 Tohid 2.00 2.00 3.50 2.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 2.90 Giyah Shenasi 4.25 3.6 4 4 3.5 4 1.7 4.1 2.00 3.32 Mean 3.21 3.26 3.68 3.23 3.93 3.21 3.33 1.96 3.14 3.23   T-test is applied to compare the means (averages) of different criteria. Considering 95% confidence interval, the results show that the obtained significance levels of all criteria except the security one (i.e. Q8) are higher than the test value which is equal to 3. Furthermore, the tendency towards relative desirability of safety is observed in the studied parks (see Table 2).         Table 2. Estimation of the difference in mean of criteria in the statistical T-test Criteria   Test value: 3 T   d   Significant   Average difference 95% confidence interval l u Q1 .418 6 .002 .2143 -.3056 .7341 Q2 .543 6 .002 .2571 -.2227 .7370 Q3 3.359 6 .015 .6786 .4738 .8833 Q4 .457 6 .000 .2286 -.2784 .7356 Q5 2.100 6 .021 .9286 .4804 1.3767 Q6 .941 6 .003 .2143 -.0165 .4451 Q7 .856 6 .000 .3386 -.0623 .7395 Q8 -2.294 6 .042 -1.0329 -1.4890 -.5767 Q9 .379 6 .000 .1429 -.2393 .5250   Conclusion The analysis of the park locations based on the mean of all safety criteria in the form of the acceptable standard level indicates that the absolute difference between the mean of each park and the acceptable standard level is insignificant (see Figure 2). Furthermore, the results of the locations of the parks show that the urban parks of Rasht have a value which is slightly higher than acceptable standard level regarding the safety criterion. This implies that the necessity of planning to increase the safety criteria values of parks is inevitable because the growth of urban dimensions and increased need to parking spaces, depreciation of parks equipment will decrease the present value of safety criteria.    Figure 2: Difference between the acceptable standard level and mean of each park based on the total criteria   According to the analysis, it can be concluded that: • Park spaces in Rasht city are different in terms of the quality of safety criteria and do not have the same level of safety.• The total mean difference of all criteria in the parks of Rasht based on the T-test is 3.23 which are near to acceptable standard value (i.e. 3). It indicates that considering a 95% confidence level, all parks have a minimum level of safety. • Although the safety quality of the park spaces in Rasht is close to the acceptable standard level, it is far from the desirable standard. • The state of security in all parks is unacceptable and it is below the standard level. • The mean value of all criteria in semi-central, and northern parks of the city (i.e. Mellat, Tohid, Keshavarz and Sabzeh Meidan parks) compared to southern parks is low (see Fig. 2). • The acceptable standard level of all criteria, mean value of criteria and difference between criteria show that the mean value of criteria in the parks are different. • Regarding the safety quality, the difference between urban parks of Rasht and the acceptable standard level which is equal to 4.4 indicates that the parks are not in a suitable condition. Therefore, based on the above points, the hypothesis that the safety quality level of urban parks is different and the level is close to the acceptable standard but far from the appropriate standard value.    }, Keywords = {Keywords: Quality, Assessment, Safety, Parks, Rasht City.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {140-169}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-24592-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-24592-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Zanganeh, Yaghoob and HonarmandiAlamdari, Niloofar and Zanganeh, Mahdi}, title = {An Analysis of the Role of Awareness of Urban Rights on Active Citizenship (Case Study: Areas 1 and 5 of Mashhad Municipality)}, abstract ={Introduction One of the concepts considered as a development indicator in recent decades is to increase the level of public awareness about all themes, including individual rights and laws. Urban rights are a set of rules and regulations that determine the quality of relations, rights, and duties of citizens against each other, society and institutions of urban management. Awareness of these rights can be regarded as the core of social and political participation and basis of civil society. Accordingly, active participation of citizens in community affairs is considered as a part of the rights and duties of citizenship. Today, citizenship is part of the social and civil rights of any person who impels the organizations and the public to support him, in respect of obedience and observance of the laws and obligations. Although the concepts of citizenship rights in the developed Western countries have an extensive history, however, during the process of globalization, this concept has entered into developing countries, including Iran, and has attracted the attention of researchers, social activists, planners and urban managers. The first step in dealing with the issue of urban rights and active citizenship is to measure the citizens' awareness of their rights. Accordingly, in this study, citizens' awareness of urban rights in two affluent (5th municipal area of Mashhad) and non-affluent areas (1st municipal area of Mashhad with emphasis on Sadjad district), as well as the relationship between the awareness of urban rights and their active participation were investigated and analyzed. Methodology Considering that present study is seeking to assess a relationship between the level of urban rights and citizenship awareness, this study is considered as a solidarity research in terms of its nature, and it is considered as a descriptive-analytical study in terms of the method applied. The required data are collected through documentary and survey methods. The statistical population of this research includes residents of two districts of 1st and 5th municipalities of Mashhad, which involves the age group of 25 to 70 years. The reason for choosing this age range is that people usually marry at the age of 25 after graduation and military service (in the case of men) and enter the work and activity field, consequently, deal with urban management institutions. The research unit in this study is individual and the sample size was determined using the 384 Cochran formula. Data were collected through questionnaires using descriptive and inferential statistical tests such as correlation test, mean comparison, and chi-square, and were analyzed using SPSS software. Results and Discussion The results of this research show that the awareness level of residents of municipal district 1 regarding the urban rights is fair with an average of 3.124 and in district 5 with an average of 2.517 is lower than average as well as the difference in mean in two regions is significant. The significant difference in the level of awareness of urban rights in the two districts can be explained so that the district 1 is considered as one of the affluent and prosperous areas of Mashhad, and in contrast to the district 5 is considered as a non-affluent and impoverished area. It is normal that more income, better use of more educational facilities, the use of more advanced media outlets (Internet, newspaper, books, etc.), provide the higher occupational conditions and interaction with well-informed people, possibility of more domestic and foreign travels, which all contribute to raising the level of awareness of urban rights. There is also a significant positive relationship between income level and awareness which is another result of this study, confirms this claim. Other results of the research show that there is a significant positive relationship between the citizens’ awareness of urban rights and their active participation in urban management institutions. That is, the higher the level of citizens' awareness of citizenship rights is, their active participation in urban management. Furthermore, the results indicate that there is a significant positive relationship between residents' awareness of citizenship rights and their gender variables, their income, and educational level. This means that the men are more aware of urban rights and laws than women. People with higher levels of income and education have also had a greater awareness of citizenship rights. There was no significant relationship between the age and duration of respondents' residence in Mashhad and their knowledge of urban rights. Conclusion The results of most studies conducted in Iran on the participation of citizens indicate their high level of willingness to participate in community affairs and urban management, however, in practice, the active participation of people in the administration of city affairs is less. Perhaps one of the missing circles in this regard is less attention to citizens' awareness of their rights and duties towards citizens, urban managers, and the use of urban spaces. Citizens who do not understand their rights and duties to the community cannot be expected to participate actively in city affairs. There is a significant positive relationship between the awareness level of the rights and the laws of the city and the active participation of citizens in this research according to the theoretical issues and research background in relation to the issue of citizenship rights and participation. Members of a community are encouraged to participate in real, informed, and effective participation in different aspects of social life, in case, they are aware of their rights and obligations on the one hand and the scope of duties and responsibilities of the managers of the institutions and executive agencies on the other. Such awareness also encourages them to claim their rights and increases their sense of responsibility towards respecting the rights of others as well as the rules of the institutions of the community. Therefore, awareness of citizenship rights can be considered as the core of social and political participation of a community. The lack of a meaningful relationship between the age and dwelling duration of residents with the level of awareness of citizenship rights in this research reflects the fact that in Iranian cities, even in metropolitan areas such as Mashhad, there is no appropriate social and institutional context for active citizenship participation and informing and training on urban and citizenship rights. Hence, to create and to improve such a field, more effort of managers, planners, and educational institutions is required.  }, Keywords = {Keywords: Mashhad, Urban Rights, Citizenship Rights, Active Citizenship.}, volume = {22}, Number = {4}, pages = {170-190}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-19571-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-19571-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2019} }