@article{ author = {Ahmadi, Syrus}, title = {A Survey on Democratization of Security Sectors in West Africa}, abstract ={In the past decades, different regions of Africa, particularly West African countries, witnessed intense regional crises and disputes. Several mechanisms including crisis management have been used in order to reduce the intensity of these crises. This article examines the impacts and the consequences of democratization in security sectors. It maintains that providing opportunities for democratic spaces and transition of failed states to governments based upon democratic elections could enhance an avenue for reform in security sectors. But the democratization procedures have not led to a democratic management of security sectors in all of the West African countries. In this research, West African countries were categorized based upon their achievements in reforming the security sectors. In fact, the efforts to integrate different regional rules and the activities of non-governmental sectors could lead to good governance even in security sectors both in national and regional levels. But the interesting point is that this would not necessarily bring fundamental changes in these countries. Therefore, it is necessary that a comprehensive program should be implemented in both national and sub-regional levels to bring democratic reform in managing the security sectors in West Africa. Despite slow progress in democratization in some Western African countries, there has been some success. In this article, the status of each country, the nature of their regimes, their capabilities and the level of reform in security sectors were discussed in details.}, Keywords = {West African contries,Crisis management,Ecowas,Security sectors,Democratization}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {1-28}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-1144-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-1144-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {BayatiKhatibi, Maryam}, title = {An Evaluation of Potential Vulnerability of slopes on the landslide occurrence in mountain\'s catchment by determining special factor method Case Study: Garangoo,s Catchment, Northern Slope of Sahand Mountain in East Azerbaijan}, abstract ={The landslide events on the slope of mountains catchment is the result of the activity of many processes and also the effects of many factors, such as litology, slope, land use, amount of precipitation, fault, road and stream. These factors play an important role on the landslide events in mountain region, but in a particular site ,a special factor always plays the major role on these events so that determining of this factor in the prevention action is of great importance .In Garangoo,s catchment, which has special differences in term of litological and geological characteristics and also in terms of the shape of connection between human and environment, the differences in these characteristics ,causes of the landslide events to be different. In this paper, regardeding the distribution of the landslides on nine map layers of the agents, map was event frequency calculated and special factor was selected on triggering of the landslide events ,by using a the determination of special factor method. In the final stage, using Arc/View was zonate the potential vulnerability area with the related landslide events. This calcution and zonation map showed that volcano ash and marl, that old and large landslides have been occurrend over these materials, are favorable areas for the landslides occurrence. On the other parts of Garangoo,s catchment, irrigation planting ,with disturbance outcome on the slope, has become the major triggering factor on the landslides occurrence.}, Keywords = {GIS,Special factor,Zonation landslides hazard,Garangoo’s catchment,Mountain’s catchment}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {29-56}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-11766-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-11766-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Parhizkar, Akbar and GaffariGilandeh, Ata and RoknaddinEftekhari, Abdolrez}, title = {The Role of E-government on the Settling of an Affair in an urban commerce system (Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan)}, abstract ={Electronic government initiatives are pervasive and have been adapted in different levels of maturity and complexity by almost all countries around the world. Given this fact, this paper was designed to review the wide variety of visions, strategic agendas, and contexts of application. Then a systematic conceptualization of e-government as an ideal point was proposed at the first step. Gauging the gap between the existing position and ideal point of e-government in Tehran was performed in the next step. The findings indicated that there is a high gap between the existing position and the ideal point of e-government in Tehran. Consequently, the existing position of e-government in Tehran has not necessary capabilities in settling a tailored affair in an urban commerce system. Thus an adaptive approach was used for highlighting the role of an integrated e-government to solve this problem.}, Keywords = {Integrated Urban Management,Urban commerce system,e-government,E-commerce,Tehran}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {57-100}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-928-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-928-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {GhavidelRahimi, Yousef}, title = {Identification of Environmental Hazards Properties in North West Iran: A Case Study of Thunderstorm Hazards in Tabriz}, abstract ={This paper used the relevant data to study the frequency of thunderstorm occurrence in Tabriz as a sample of North West Iran’s climate. Where required, the methods such as Spearman rank correlation, linear and sixth order polynomial trend, as well as the cluster analysis according to the average linkage (within group) has also been applied utilizing the block distance standard for the monthly classification of the thunderstorm occurrence. The obtained results showed that the month of May, during various monthly time scales, and the spring season in seasonal intervals, undergo the majority of thunderstorm occurrences. The methodological statistics show that, secondary climatic features like hails, heavy showers, floods, and lightening are dominant climatic features in Tabriz during the thunderstorm occurrence. The above-mentioned climatic hazards are part of the characteristics of Tabriz climate and all of North West Iran, which bring about many economic, social and environmental damages, particularly for the farmers and animals farms. The probability distribution of thunderstorm occurrence in Tabriz indicates the irreversibility of their occurrence chiefly in short time return periods. Therefore, thunderstorms and their resulting secondary features are regarded to be a permanent hazard in Tabriz.}, Keywords = {Natural climatic hazards,Thunderstorm blizzards,Cluster analysis,Hail,Lightening,Tabriz.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {101-116}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-1567-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-1567-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Saei, Ali}, title = {Logic of Solving Scientific Problem}, abstract ={This article has been written on the basis of critical rationality. The main purpose of the article is formulation of a epistemic apparatus for Solving Scientific Problem. Initially, the paper has posed methodological problems, then responsed to two methodological questions: “How scientific problem, is”and “How problem- finding can be done”. In response to the first questions, two kinds of problems have been distincted: social problem and theoretical problem. In response to the second question, the sources of the problems have been discussed. Source of theoretical problem is scientific knowledge and criticism from theory. Social problem arises from social reality that in a given situation leads to a problem and further creates crises in the existing system. In continuation, the logic of solving scientific problem has been formulated on the basis of two kinds of reasonings: rational reasoning and experimental reasoning. Rational reasoning is a tentative solution of the problem. This solution may be true and false. Experimental reasoning is a justifier of the rational reasoning. These two kinds of reasonings are based on the method of trial and error. This scientific approach was applied to solve democratization problem in Iran, therefore, this article has both theoretical and practical dimensions.}, Keywords = {Knowledge,Reality,Democratic cosolidation,problem,Formulation of Problem,Theoretical explanation,Operationalization,Critical justification,Experimentation.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {117-152}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4678-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4678-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Shayan, Siavosh}, title = {Potentiality Gifted Areas Analysis for Ecotourism Development in Kohkiluye- va Buyer Ahmad Province}, abstract ={The aim of study was to explore the areas which are gifted for ecotourism development in Kohkiluye–va Buyer Ahmad province. The analysis was carried out using the ecotourism model of Makhdoom (2002). All parameters introduced in the model like: the shape of land (slope percentage, altitude from sea level and geographic directions), pedology (fertility, depth, texture and drainage), plant clothing (density, vegetation form and meadows condition), petrology, protected areas, climatic conditions (distribution of temperature, moisture, sunny days and average wind speed) and water which were analyzed separately and the digital map of each was drawn up. Then, the above - mentioned layers were classified considering the aim of study and based on the proposed data of the ecotourism model. The analysis, concluding and assessment of the data were conducted using GIS and finally the final map of the expansion of the gifted areas for ecotourism development in the province was prepared. More over, using Terjung method, the human bioclimatic situation of the province was investigated. Taking into consideration the results of the study both in the first part (analysis of potentiality of the gifted areas for ecotourism development) and the second part (study of convenience climate), two cities of Buyer Ahmad and Dena were evaluated to be suitable for summer touring and the two cities of Gachsaran and Kohkiluye to be suitable for winter touring. Further, cities and towns of the province were analyzed as for the level of availability of the infrastructures needed for ecotourism development. The results indicated that the two cities of Dena and Gachsaran are more capable of providing with tourism services and supports.}, Keywords = {GIS,Ecotourism,Intensive ecotourism,Extensive ecotourism,Kohkiluye va Buyer Ahmad}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {153-181}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-3462-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-3462-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Shayan, Siavosh}, title = {Remote sensing effectiveness in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Modeling in Southwest of Iran; Asmari Formation as a Case Study}, abstract ={Many of well known Iranian hydrocarbon reserves are concentrated in the anticlinal oil traps of the Asmari Formation. Fractures are too important in fluid flow simulation, because of their impacts on anisotropy and heterogeneity of the Asmari carbonate reservoirs. In order to fracture network modeling of the Asmari reservoirs, it’s necessary to have information about many parameters that most of them can not be got from the well data. Therefore, the extracted data from the remote sensing studies of the Asmari outcrops can be as a basis for determining these parameters. The remote sensing imagery is one of the main techniques available to geologists for locating and extracting fracture systems. The Kuh-e Asmari anticline in marginal part of the Zagros Fold-thrust belt has been selected for remote sensing studies of the faulting/ fracturing systems in the Asmari outcrops. In this study, Landsat (ETM+) images, ASTER images (with high spectral resolution), IRS-PAN images (with high spatial resolution), and a detailed Digital Elevation Model (with scale 1:25,000) covering the Kuh-e Asmari anticline were used. The geometrical correction, data processing and image enhancement of the satellite images were carried out in ER Mapper 6.4. Furthermore, to improve the fracture study, some 3D models were made by draping satellite images on the DEM. In this study, many data were extracted about the fracture traces. The results were delivered as figures,maps, 3D models and statistical graphs. The statistical and structural analysess of the Kuh-e Asmari anticline showed faulting/ fracturing systems which have been formed by different mechanisms, and in different times. The results of this study can be used for fracture pattern modeling and prediction hydrocarbon flow in the Asmari reservoirs.}, Keywords = {Landsat (ETM+) images,ASTER images,IRS-PAN images,Digital Elevation Model (DEM),Kuh-e Asmari,Fracture analysis,Naturally fractured reservoirs,Reservoir modeling.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {183-214}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-9023-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-9023-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {FarajzadehAsl, Manoochehr}, title = {Analysis of Water Crisis in Nishabor Plain}, abstract ={Water deficiency and incorrect management of available water resources caused water crisis and drought occurrence increased intensity of the crisis. These crises have environmental, economical and social aspects. In this research, water crisis of Nishabor was studied. Thus, climatic, hydrologic, geologic and land use data layers were used and based on these data, analysis of the plain aquifer, hydrologic water balance, water needed and land use role on water crisis and finally spatial distribution of water crisis took places. The obtained results indicated that Nishabor aquifer storage has water deficiency of about 200 million cubic meters and the areas with medium to high water crises cover about 50 percent of study plain. Considering the exciting land use, we proposed land use correction for the areas with crises in order to manage and controlthe intensity of water crises.}, Keywords = {Water crises,Land use,Water resources,Hydrology,Nishabor plain.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {215-238}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-2331-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-2331-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {FarajzadehAsl, Manoochehr and khorani, Asadallah}, title = {Analysis of Jetstream Position in Relation to Precipitation Systems in the West of Iran (Ilam and Kermanshah Provinces)}, abstract ={This study was conducted in order to determine the situation and position of Jetstream in the west of Iran and its speed during the rainy synoptic systems in land surface. Therefore, rainfall data of sven synoptic stations in Ilam and Kermanshah provinces during the 1990s, and 60 systems were selected and of the accessible systems the maps 54 were analyzed. The required analyses were carried out by assessing maps on two days before precipitation, beginning of the precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The results showed that Jetstream tracks had anticyclonic curve two days before precipitation which acquire cyclonic curve on the beginning of of precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The value of the Jetstreams meridian gradient is much more, on the days of maximum precipitation than the other days and falls to the minimum rate on the days before precipitation. Jetstream cores were spread on two days before precipitation too which were concentrated in two areas on the beginning and on the maximum precipitation days. The first area was placed in 25-30° north latitude and 32.5-42.5° east longitude (Northern Red Sea) and the second area in 35-39° north latitude and 45-50° north longitude (Southeastern Caspian Sea). There was no linear correlation between Jetstream cores velocity and the volume of system precipitation, because of the effect of many factors on the amount of the systems, precipitation amount. The maximum effect of Jetstream in the studied area was when the Jetstream in the upper levels of troposphere (200 hp) was place of in the south of the lower levels of the Jetstream (300 hp), so that the Jetstream in the lower levels of troposphere was closer to the studied area.}, Keywords = {Climatology,Synoptic,Jetstream,Ilam,Kermanshah.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {239-256}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-9298-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-9298-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Mokhtari, Davood and Karami, Fariba and BayatiKhatibi, Maryam}, title = {Differential Features of Alluvial Fans Controlled by Quaternary Tectonic Activities around Misho-Dagh Mountainous Area (Northwest of Iran)}, abstract ={The northern and southern borders of Mishow- Dagh mountainous chain (northwest of Iran) include zones with ideal characteristics for optimum development of alluvial fans. The alluvial fan development in this area is related to environmental factors such as tectonic activities. In this study, we discussed to what extent tectonics affect the peculiarities in the sedimentary processes occurring in the fans on different sections of the study area (37 Quaternary alluvial fans in four groups), thus causing geomorphological anomalies in them. For this object, we analyzed the main morphological features of the fans and their drainage basins, as well as some of their constitutive elements. We then focused on the connection zone between the fans and their drainage basins. Finally, we analyzed the possible relations between the different parameters of the drainage areas and the fans. All of these analysis were based on interpretation of geological, topographical, areal photos and satellite images and as well as field studies. The results showed that tectonics play a double role; On the one hand, there have been recent displacements in the zone occupied by the drainage areas, as well as between the basement and the basins in which the fans accumulate and, on the other hand, tectonic activity is responsible for the more intense subsidences in the northern and southern plains of the study area, which gives rise to significant differences in the rate of creation of accommodation space between some sectors and others. Generally, Quaternary tectonic activities have caused changes in sweep angle, longitudinal and fan cross profiles, segmentation, head incision, development of erosional gullies, uplift of Quaternary sediments, formation of telescopic alluvial fans, structure of fans and elongation of drainage basins, slope changes on mountain fronts, positive allometry in fan areas and drainage basin relations, and development of new sedimentary basins.}, Keywords = {Features of alluvial fans,Quaternary tectonic activities,Alluvial fans morphometry,Misho- Dagh mountainous area,Northwest of Iran.}, volume = {11}, Number = {0}, pages = {257-292}, publisher = {Tarbiat Modares University}, url = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4111-en.html}, eprint = {http://hsmsp.modares.ac.ir/article-21-4111-en.pdf}, journal = {The Journal of Spatial Planning}, issn = {1605-9689}, eissn = {2476-6860}, year = {2007} }